HomeMy WebLinkAboutPark and Recreation Advisory Commission Packet 12-02-1982Plymouth Park and'Recreation Advisory Commission
Regui,or Mee rnq of December 2, 1982, 7:00 p.m.
Plymouth City Center Council Chambers/Conference Room
PLEASE NOTE THAT THE REGULAR MEETING WILL BE PRECEDED BY A MEETING WITH
ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION REPRESENTrTIVES AND MEMBERS OF THE RAYOR`S TASK FORCE
BEGINNING AT 7;00 P.M. IN THE COUNCIL CONFERENCE ROOM.
AGENDA
1. Call to Order
2. Approval of Minutes
3. Visitor Presentations
4. Report on Past Council Action
5. Unfinished Business
a. St. Mary's Update
b. LAWCON/LCMP. Grant Update
c. Plymouth Creek Estates Update
6. New Business
a. Review Annual Report 1982 Format
b. Rew Plats
C. Amendment to Comprehensive Trail Plan
7. _Commission Presentation MRPA Fall Conference (Threinen and Edwards)
8. Staff Communication
9. Adjournment
Minutes of the Plymouth Park and Recreation Advisory Commission November Meeting
November 4, 1982, 7:30 p.m.
Page 30
Present: Chairman Rice, Commissioners ChesebroughEdwards, Threinen, Mullan
and Berg; Planning Commissioner Magnus; staff members Blank and
Helgeson; John Uban of Howard Dahlgren & Associates and Neil Polstein,
attorney for Charles Belgarde
Absent: Commissioner Dvorak
1. CALL TO 'ORDER
ChWman. Rice called the November meeting of the Plymouth Park and Recreation
Advisory Commission to order at 7:39 p.m. on November 4 in the Plymouth City
Center Council Chambers.
2. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
Commissioner'Chesebrough moved and Commissioner Berg seconded a motion to
approve the October minutes. The motion carried with all ayes.
3. VISITOR PRESENTATIONS
a, Athletic Associations. None were present at this meeting
b. Mary Patterson and Rick Busch. Neither one was present at this meeting,
but Director Blank asked which commissioners would volunteer to be on
Mary's programming committee. Commissioners Threi_nen and Edwards
volunteered.
c. Others. Their presentations will be covered later in the minutes.
4. REPORT ON PAST COUNCIL ACTION
Director Blank reported that at their October 18 meeting, the Council adopted
the name change of Plymouth Creek Playfield, formerly known as Fernbrook,
and at their October 25 meeting, endorsed PRAC's recommendation to encourage
the continued funding of the LCMR grants program.
5. UNFINISHED BUSINESS
c_. Plymouth Creek Estates-Plyinouth Creek City Park. Director Blank showed
several maps of Plymouth Creek Estates to the commissioners and discussed
the petitioner's proposal to have the land reguided. Director Blank
reviewed his memo dated November 4 stating that this parcel is approximately
78 acres in size and that at one time, approximately 1971, it was proposed
to be reguided and that 40 acres were to be deeded to the City for park
purposes_. For a variety of reasons, the rezoning was never done, nor was
any property ever deeded to the City. New development plans have now
been prepared and proposed to the City, again asking for reguiding.
Director Blank is recommending that reguiding of the land zoned public/
semi' -public not be done at this time because of the affect it would have
on the proposed Plymouth Creek City Park. He is also recommending that
the developer work with the City and PRAC on laying out the exact size
and shape of the park, and then present new concept plans reguiding that
land not incorporated in the park Park dedication fees should be reviewed
and based on the existing densities at fox Meadows: I, as well as densities
proposed when the nets concept plan is submitted. Any additional land needed
after park dedication ordinances have been met should be purchased from the
developer.
PRAC Minutes of November 4, 1982
Page 31
John Uban of Howard Dahlgren & Associates stated to PRAC that the land-
owner/petitioner, Charles Belgarde, is very willing to negotiate with
the City regarding his land, but that he is anxious to move ahead with
his proposal as soon as possible. Mr. Belgarde'.3 attorney, Neil Polstein,
reiterated the need to move as quickly as possible because of the expense
to Mr. Belgarde to continue holding this land Director Blank, in response
to a question from Commissioner Berg regarding when the City wanted to
develop this park, stated that money was available in the CIP to begin
developing the neighborhood:Fortion of the park in 1983. He emphasized
that this park is the most important one in the Comprehensive Park System
Plan and that it is number one in priority in his opinion in terms of
any action being taken. He further stated that between now and December
2, staff could work with Mr. Uban and Mr. Belgarde in developing a new
concept plan.
COMMISSIONER CHESEBROUGK MOVED AND COMMISSIONER BERG SECONDED A MOTION
TO SUPPORT STAFF'S RECOMMENDATION AS OUTLINED IN DIRECTOR BLANK'S MEMO'
DATED NOVEMBER 4, 1982, AND TO REPORT BACK C`1 DECEMBER 2 ANY NEW CONCEPT
PLANS ALONG WITH PROPOSED FINANCING OF THIS PROJECT. The motion carried
with all ayes,
a., Negotiations with St. Mary's Church -Update. Director Blank met with the
board on October 19 and presented the City's proposal. They are in the
process of a large fund-raising effort at this time, so no decisions will
be made on this subject for several weeks.
b. 1983 LAWCON/LCMR Grant Applicatioigz pdate. No problems have been reported
with our proposal; the LCMR committee should be addressing it in December.
d. 1982`83 Winter Ice Rink Locations. Director Blank indicated that we have
received a request to rna tinamYakviewPondthisyear. He also stated
that he and Mark Peterson have agreed to put Timber Shores back on the
list of rinks to maintain, so we have a total of 34 shuts of ice, which
is the same as last year. Mark Peterson had prepared a cost sheet
outlining the expenses involved in maintaining our rinks, which Director
Blank seared with the Commission.
COMMISSIONER THREINEN MOVED AND COMMISSIONER CHESEBROUGH SECONDED A
MOTION TO ENDORSE STAFF'S RECOMMENDATION TO MAINTAIN 34 SHEETS OF ICE
AND TO USE THIS YEAR AS A STUDY PERIOD OF 'THE: 34 RINKS WE ARE CURRENTLY
MAINTAINING IN ORDER TO 'MAKE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE FUTURE. The
motion carried with all ayes.
e. General Discussion on Future Direction of PRAC. It was decided that a
special meeting should be held to discuss this item. January 20th was
chosen as a ''sandwich" meeting. Director Blank and Chairman Rice will
get together and come up with an agenda.
f. Medicine Lake Tisk Force -Update. Director Blank has begun receiving
letters from different organizations naming their representatives who
will serve on this task force. The first meeting will probably take
place in December.
g. Joint Meeting with Athletic Associations. We have not received any
feedback. from: the associations on the letter we sent inviting them
PRAC Minutes of November 4, 1982
Page 32
to attend the PRAC meeting on December 2. We will contact them all by
phone prior to the meeting to encourage their attendance and/or comments..
The meeting will be a "round -gable discussion in the Council conference
room beginning at 7:00 p.m.
h. Review Draft of Cit Goals and Objectives. Director Blank handed out
copies o the drat he and Blair Tremere prepared. The Commission
reviewed the draft and made suggestions for deletions, revisions and
additions.
6, NEW BUSrNESS
a. New Plats. None.
7. COMMISSION PRESENTATION.
The MRPA annual conference is scheduled for November 17, 18 and 19. Any
commissioner wishing to attend should inform staff and reser,r,ati'ons will
be made for you.
8. STAFF COMMUNICATION
Director Blank shared with the Commissit)n some of his thoughts on the
National Recreation and Park Association Conference he attended in
Kentucky during the latter part of October. There were many excellent
speakers on very timely topics. One such topic had to do with youth
athletics, and Director Blank ordered a copy of that speech which he
will share with any interested commissioners..
The next meeting is scheduled for December 2, to which youth athletic
associations have been invited; it will begin at 7:00 p.m. with a
round -table discussion in the council conference room. Members of the
Mayor's Task Force will be invited to attend this meeting.
9. ADJOURNMENT
The meeting adjourned at 9:51 p.m.
0
1 1
480
s• g4, aa, ii
Urban Infrastructure: Foundation for Growth
by lawasra basis
For wore than a dealt. the public facilities crucial
to Many services haw, beret wasting out fuser that
they can be wapuired, ort'e'AKW, ih.par rismietoer
seirdies, the precist tvndit ate of the Anion's pathic
rsoriai inventory and the amount of investment
needed to terawp these amain: yndetenairtd. One
nocent study eeumasad that oMblie invVetment in inhoatructuntunpeovementsdeclined21pent/ ent frame
1KS to 1177 when, ma mored in cons ant dollars. Dur-
ing that same period, fwrcapim invsehom s dec"WW"A
almost 30 percent 1OWNH s ecv nosiic rte, have
been even: for tie decline in publrs wwka invest-
talent. bet, the most coeamonly held view is the lmwi
Ing desire of Ao'rna at all Seveia to NOW, down
tax rases, h+lane budget and finance a g"owing 'num-
ber of v.%cial progrwns• These policies hold, onoUS
long, I*." consequences.
71W peabkm of dtserwrsting inh"nuctum a mot
confined to WV northeastern cities lr NbeNuartloa•
the popULMM gave frost 30,000 w w to 2W.000 in
1%0 To keep pace with: growth cheap t. and coat-
yuently less durable. pipes. sewer hnes, and the hike
were uut IM. and that systema now need mpiret-
Mew Marcy now communihes face aaeiewted de-
cline Afterycan of no invistwAmt, thane antsy. carte
ought shoat by an unpvw*desited sV+nt of population
wt : groh in the lei %U, Many basic systems. litre aet+eas.
WIN rant built in the trot plate ace mpw aerially
needed to xmve Bmwini popslatiorns,
Federal and Note mandates and paioeitiw here un-
iwttntionally Wt Many cities. wi*#Dw the fiirii,
needed t mrntsin: net orapisal peolm+? In tacent
decades the federal government hr txvv W up to go
tecttet of the cost ct wilding Highways, for example.
but has insisted that Maintenance is the V11WW 't ihtY
of testy and local govetnmes w Some money has been
avallabk for )ighvay telealrilisetion but none las
batn allocated_ for Jounce maintenance.
The tntentpn of tie fsdeesl *KT was M leeip:
ester and )amities pay for expensive p1*1,12 slat
tory could net hoe amorded COM—ias. Nvvordwlew
citift `+ere le<t wit the mainsesumce coats.
Some ihdetal ail fur ntiaiewtnanae tart be [wind.
llfwwer. in the facts cf g% j@ wvvnet akm%, WAmd
csmitnunity dm'elopwuert black gwnw Mit *ave tai
been grsM pewwre on Soot po irysakea so we Ais
mtnaty to wet At psmaim nasi of low-im"" toad
Un te-pnVikead ptopk An their 000muuiees. or to
toxic it in mite ' jalN . but lout etitiul, awaa Of the
lntral bwigat. Cant trmb. in lastaw, do raw an she
i haat benefit. of rrpsiritt a city.. Hewer Bass or
mcaaiiitionisgekctnc and baro we woad". As
plc b•idg« hae e l«oat tigbaee gut ss tasdreei. stir
mei iedeeal aid anal tilt use brae hoa failed, to keep pant
I fit& *e leetiani& of inflation. Vat paltry ask -W No
defcmd tapisd asipcenditum on Wasso t emcee
llw peewee t3 tnsvide mare vi"k tis v ho
bi w a -&rift lime'" nWanlity tat sir ANOWWWd
ss now vlosusaw ! ACY rearms exit' b- sial
k—Amm as v -lamer r pear ut Aire adAimal pulite
alai iauggl orm eat "lift tAn city`s Water T -AW
a moos war a>adaibt bMlac ' oatMa`
for enXx piipsa so rat tluough ti *ry ate not alined'
n"almiy. %, that time. poacys"M who Ao" WAin..
wrance may be out oi office. Politically it does oot pry
to do loK range plririing when they could mvtvc
i5amedi4ae-gTftvbation for Handling mmedwae cn
ata.
unkytuaaw"Ay for many'Aaa, seater lines ace besak-
ing, bsi4es ase stare to rollapue ani pot',oias We
awaking tonic obMacle toiirsni Cities !save develoRed
Varying ways to W44 AM public tad:itiaa v*. ,Tion
manual platting r1nsew thw. demi!, cmwnructiot. and
suinterunm pr vems to avoisticated computer
marrgement it kWmaWn sywe%T4.9dl4 moot, cosmu-
nitiet lave no ir+l, idea what corwlitioei their sewer
and water lines are in. Mw many of Owe 9019e+1 teed'
repair or to what extent rnput.,tere natded.
The babe: problem city +olicials rant in evaluating
the physical cond,rion of their titres is that these is no
oble+ctive way for a gorertung body with a citywide
cotKem tgy judge the relative impx Aanm of ptgecis.
How do bilis determine whether fungi d+oedd be
spent to vvplace a lrsicidly Unnoticed sewer line
which. M causing'. wan OW PNtn1tnAJK* Casa or ona
touch mote vWbie street inletsecti m t-hich receive+
vwwunt citizen complains? Tht ptobbeR a emcee -
Mod %:.cera decisions are wade on Capital expendi-
t,!ns without anticipating tier long -cess Impact tart
t%e operating bwdt in the future A. use of a four
inch asphalt overlay. inattted of a siu-inch overlay
secnforced with Met; say awe money K,day but COM
demerAous ptobke inietr or five year+ (meas now. 1-t
older to wake there decimons, policy maken tom' to
know the current, physmal coniieion of the commum-
ties mfsaswvn&m as a Met, swp in Avorrmining, a
at#eduk for maintaining diem, OdScials mwtabo be
Sisk to eiiamnng a eaaiely a( irisawav opbw* that
way be aca l" for tensing, capital eapen2ituets. To
do so thei need to build the pibiic:,awwwrAw and
politial suppoet formeed tgi itysnfnatnncrune mads.
The acammic impact of public woris a enormous.
T)eey an critical W national ecixww%c XVINWth and
pmdwctivity. public facili" are ax deter -In' `g Wit•
it, luring peivae investment into orae iniembial and.
cosasw A:W metioer In addition, public weeks play an
important role in ctv+tiN lobs and stabihnng the lout
economy
Financing America's feature PUNIC works needs will
prove to be a formidable tr~'- Not only will existing;
inar,cing techniques have to be better used. bolt new
approaches will. Have to be devised as well lige hive
enterw an eta of federal firm retrenchment, at a Uwe
when nearly So percent of all public works funding
em,tu es from; federal seuttes. Li their boob:. AroNur,
in Rants. pat Chome and, Susan Walter vieww the rapid
fede al withdrewal of support aisa devastating t loco• to
car ost communities, "Such a vitledrawaL" they conte.
Merit be pRm ed by a C%mfuj tit oatiantent of the
allocation of authorities and teaptmsibiittees, w-thm
our federal system
In addition to tedelin;ng their "federalist roles"
Choate and biter spy. local and sate gaeYmments
need to t e mach aaR r financi++i'echnr:;uee arc the
applicatton otuser fees .. p ivatisnat pu'ahc taniines
and resigning the cost ot'dei%y was,"r and com:pnon
that mo oaken plague public words grog"ms.' They
also we the absence of national public worts tnVf$i-
ment, policies. and a supporting natiorul capital bud-
get as a scalar Aaw of federal public works polar+.
snaking and program adininism'ion. This emusion is
not accidental, they contend. but the coinicyuence of
explicit decisions net to have a capital Wdget;
The "an adminitacration acbanLmS heavily on its
eeonoa tc reavvery ptognam to :stimulate im'estment.
panicvlady in the cos umvial and industrial sectors
The key to this expansion is the health of the nation's
public iaciliw,,v In their present condition. Amernea's
public works, thmten to wreck the administration`s.
natior.Q economic renewal elfott. Q
State, oca l. Capital Pia n n4905 Vital
by Mnk i F&W
Ink,, ATRWhiissoli etc. in whowwer ion%it fis-aiiy
afpwua 06 the aacethatre'IPk will, asseet thus "4-
A"Mc &K*GPOM Fact— aispenMwt Won fel-
wed ttaghsit ad WbW aMit rem hgwde will wielw awl
lit air --- incl ido ions g(MM and isol arnicas.
The imbestructwe densolb tftm mete barely fiss,da 4
when f & I dsuna areae Ovenok win PLIW be
isscal to cewpat* far so ens- "A6% *Am of the
sates dollen Caftwu -lee wilt nm -da /abut rfer-
ids while mauled ra}ia wawt areal upas noes
swdstiow will Ville gat {tat lir ShVWse of gnJu-
ate Whooi r UC libraries.
Moilebm hum boom tlo* biassing whit has 04001104
ntweew coffees awl t* Corte whisk Iwa derle"
disnedonaty fumdti in the name' -4 innvrd bilk for
cormtruc",, quiphent, auppiim and feel. High in,
tana+t rates howe weir orate gowemaKna wogy of
le mowing %e their opiW risk itsgaGon driven
amit Mod etftft d*- s&a koms keeping pKv~t
achedulea.
However. govenhorMa will continue 10 haciate
when atk:d. to make major %,Aduq cammitments 0
infrastructure; tapwrertento wail metier is in eight
from the a nettainy of the nnarkeepiae and the taem-
inftlr Unlimited tact of providing basic sent •ec.
hUny govetnmem Nor not. as yet. t.en irWen-
wry of their capital nylaeeawtwt. repair. and Whabili-
don weed,. Without a conc*nW effort to tol. ^tock
of is spial (acilities. governa-ent cannot begin dw
process of planning, let alone funding the PROK
squired.
CROW planning at all jewels of government has
Men domuoated for yean by pork barrel politics. In an
ofitort to Fee"& eectryone with ung from the.
go-tettirnental goody beg, apitd budgets 1%4ve faijed
im prwrinae proieca of peateat need ano in tend have
frequently hnancad peojres domninated by the %hast
rodferow constituencia. Unlike e%pmw budgets,.
which fund atrretias on a #owed swa wide bars.
capital budges I— any Proms for P-00
lewefit limited con tinrencies and distinct geog. 1-
CIO arras.
Alt too ohm the asonry agent by owe r w"norna
eo inrwrigate waste, hood aria abuse in capital, con-
stramm peopcea nprowna a pock inveataherht Man
t#e mate later cM=o b a"* when isepiemenMg
tdr recosewtwdedon. withow awAnusel magtoring
of all capital construction psoiecys the dation an -
in A
n-
icoded for repair.. repletement gad nhebdiestiaa of
voluobie lodliuw WAY continue a M diverged.
Mw remen• ogle and leaseback, of the publicly arnCd
Ar Museum awl AudiAoiuse in Utklswd. Calif. per-
VA"W the city eo finmce the removaaow of dhe as"D-
t um into a ntadern comweweisn isolity ey Joiallift
wig- a rives actor real wale ayehdmor. QskWW
w, *k to wu avoifa k a% leeI det vbi ArA tic•
ins the twwtssow of a hcimy which heat degagioeut-
ing due to Irk of a.oilile fail_
G vwmm-ewt wares www a ea"O irtr sni`r ftwo sc
ams for is O&M dw - - - - D*"Mpemu gawd M*)
faciiigiao—a 1PKIN, e-astapeataaon --
pond" ootrmd lemma. pagbfars 9101111110. rpna and
ast saran M#Ma, mood uWas ge aitd rill waste
caweswi-wh prsjatt. The tmst mrasai-el iodwmtrnN
loo b,elapahea; wgpam-a Mat. My be tgadsraaberh
n the future nay iaatek trema OW- Wit
e4 Feet'•.
amnia epurnit y Me aaly.t of the uatdmad ta%
bwafit.
TW rat of a primas o.wumt for p¢:`t: igaiiMy
rearms" will sispere gaaaor- Mar's drawer of
poOMM " femMar aariow of i. rupial GftC .
Mme S. Iethe. it it fir toile Fi,snr Ilpwwaiat. ICiditti
FM** 6r Q Mr. labs MOW weals ef g FMOMM far
M* at Ar CAMOW of Sate fON"Mov b f!r';,ta -e do
ljMntraewe..s weird y -Ki !stai=r• 3irr
tleanemrr, MA-ar (slrl 1
CWdleft lumenspea taipind Imi of arrear and
a sm it diff rook to weliae rweq vowle + tau, rammer.
aat tp.i dollMe to swve ,t -ea* P'd y eapaient
Swab.
iCeaam-ie ic elo*eaent dapastietnt upon a atraskg
laftaowwoure. Kielidk estate UP.leif. lownMy. mad
waste ad newer yawaas are 610110A ir-pogawae b
priwar ccepogaGoste robing is aerated *Wit Physical
Pima as,d ago" waw jeim GoveaneRMAriraM ank
in aunt peivow WCOM eveviion by Cmodiwat % its.
Well boor" C?Ide wit aheposoae 10140"Vocwineaws.
Pvm'
ami loci gowwnmma douW -iv elm a cwh.
wawty is,voeas-ent etr+wQ whilh prkWuo dim•
aeeosavy Capitol eageniUuns to b",W Peek
MW detaiolaewt, Iwinistructun iatpwaa m" of
b"We to the rieMe rrcaoc ptoaiie a farm of goraetr-
atwnt assistance {hoz on!eeMM naedad teverww. prop-
mai akawso nt to toamffte business eacpannon
should be pr wiled in ddition to awl twit in lieu of
iependaWe pneenmmt ate V —
rAwer"Wats k k cvwt istemt. polkiss for i verdins
highway repair equipment anal aromtobi a and mr:.i
Irbrlkw'atibiam W-4* 6060 or car. 'Ilfi7t
Sources of Financing for Local Inlfrastructure Investments
by Pat Cboo* VW $=an "a w
The fealms' Rove+++went inanm Many of ehepub-
lic work for which it is directly eeslor"W Mwawih
inset; appror"rtioas, such as those lex the Car" of
Efts teen bdnaft ids, finances out of wptol Markets
Wk's thn^rA at the Tenttaare Valley eiutitm*, litany
rdtias arts being tc.::hd out et tithe lunch market ieematr
of high insenitat,mats. a-fthh%@W* ow" by 110 mak
of "Umtion matsol bods. and the arpwnird &esti
romisnrous: %M red i"Notriallevel "bouts.
Many MMU" communities ace ails w ording that aMall
bond latent Passel( MN thigh hunascean onds (law
tars. wwwwritinr expends, painting.. etc) that they
ads Okctively esdydsd from the moiset. A number of
war eu m, to facilitate accen to private board marketa
by smaller comnuakiat; OM is the - -ki I a of can-
solid (ted bond aka (savesl communW s. Moiwg 100 -
ether in order to educe tnrssction cos`). A SUPAer
of sastn: duct as Fit n,* have ouppoeted such e"
and have establisbW the necessary `toning r odes
asiam to adeteve elhis hold.
Nationai, esskmal, at state "drretopnent banks"
have been purposed hear time to base to improve
access to "pig market and lower UMUKtkM costs,
The National Pudic Advisory Committee on Regional
psrelopment reviewed the drwenee artry of options.
for creating a Normo. Developmentbink and a po-
ltntuel Recoaa;nuction Finance Corporation...* ter
j,pvblic hearings aid wlyais, that kxly of pwvlic
officials. bankers.. and public administrators can-
cludtd that such a Mechanism is needed and if •>Tsated
should opetat* much like the Federal Lard Unk• It
should provide access to capital markers for comOuAi-
ties and states (poncvlarly smaller places). should only
be used, for capital coasrnrcosn or tThabilisstron. and
should charge irhtenesI Totes which tenter atsntrt
prices- The advantage of such a mechanise. would be
saw,entcrd access to monies for needed facilities. net.
Pe C*Sfe is a Pa" at"atyst st TAK Inc.
Suscx 'trt. V"sts'lI'RT of gattrrrriswnt riwrs+es f4W Nies
truth bine Ctwrp teff. fo m-rty awcrrtc #Meier for Mise thw
inanagr+uenl at the CORMN of State PURR R5 Ageneses.
Thtsartrkcsrr{Tnkdno to"anusmItumi,rukttsWby
t*r Covrw'h7 of Smor N ming Arwies tri 198L
doted txanrKiw,a trash•, a fang-orm lany lrct; ached
oak, and the ionee aers , opNiaabon of some inom
set in Omar to pmwwwt "potient"' G*d in the cagy
yetsr of a peejrctia life.
Since about half -fail h4s,"i, &rAb fort public "ti's
are diabutow 1a Mrese and ka"al soreeuve"is dor baa
peosrEmtares, aiaeinistra;ive VW4WVWO*r Under these
pwgtps taunt be evshaated to dewrwine their Wit,
M an the MrAmeteoci Of viasl inframttsstture. Re.
quineate"ai that inrsshmata btr tMgatsd on needy
aaighbaaianim ra Wes the Coaathinity Duvoiopmtent
bock. Cant Tlogrsmt ht" Pat WO the Use of those
fends for terAwation of urian infrostractont an any
tole aigniit ott oro. economic nmsvaL
While tsar chuRes art an Amosloled tte+l"o+l of
financing many- Public sernest, there are many in-
aras m in which their uponried and creative use
desalt result in nae a#attiWe inancinF and .sews
cocirnt X"nageatent.
Ttw General Accounting: t'lMWS (GAD) arulyaiz of
the need for additional federal aid for urbein water
distrievtim syster concluded that. what flet -for
rservrce truincirtg etoitaed. as 0% Ilocbn and New Or -
loons, ouintgewentwas better. Aiaonswere taken to
improve cwastrvation. reduce 641sag!. and toottol.
other Thor-ftvenise producing wooer mots auodh K blit-
gal 1-y&ant openings and meter undanegisostion.
Conversely. titter such as %tinhingtort. D.C. whose
Mater programs ant financed, from general. Me Ues..
give little attention to kvkagr or even suclrimm as
more cM iaaent collection of existing water fees. For
exam ;e. °the -GAO found, that in 1972 35 percent of
Uhit,^n. D.C's water distribution casino needed
neplaccinent, cleaning, or lining. !y 19i0. over 50
percent of these aaru, requited neeorahvction.
in the southwestern United States. the sale of
municipal coater is often a principal source of commu-
nity revenues—particularly in smaller communities_
The use of fee•for aervice charges improve amen to
capital markets because of a eediated. guaesnteed
Bow of revenues They also have the virtue of next
dim-dy relating prices to consumption and mail coats,
Manyarty cities. such as New Ywk City,, do not meter Wes
water (Metering would eliminate such waste, and
could obviate so" of the demand for conatruction of
expensive, wppeeianial supply: rywwths. Where the
cost of p aiding meters is prohibitive. other aiterna.
forties Can Stretch Local Capital Funds
prmcipslr in early priority ranking. the final deer
swots are usually mode, by elected o gals, and politi-
cal conuakrstions become imporsawP factors. Const
exntly. the inal:phase of derision tral,atg--4scidin1
which pro}ec will, be f m&a and when—twailr is
M*I- ive
The study focused an sheet, bridge. wrasesvater
collection rystesw and wafer dweributrion wroests as
representative inftssYs t;turr year b the oearsschrw.
conclu lead that many capital neeofa anlaosoenu dad
peeority-seth-S paces am ansophittiowl. often
relying an complaints ars servtor rewweala from day
Msafktisk and citimns a major aids in klefteitrift infra
anactwe_ pea lews. In seen of Me loser asses., souse
MAN - A-4 to 1Ypicel docoso t-nakilig
area sdenaisd.
The-dadrion ramasdhras visa widely and ase a( -
asoma by the age awd eoouaition of the trey's mnfnokesr
etre. the coy's innancnl and *ConoMic boom laid dee
aide of Ws porAk6oa and uwmrtsscy
In am" class.wbeae arwdu.of the COMA 7t is so
a ]at11 yeatr alb b"adant comaemirn. Lae fee - Main.,
sewmrece dad sopiaoes sent dsfrtnols. a rive !ervai" t
iwhratrrk"M has coodoww to deerr'sner r :anal -
pat maid in dtx moil -'TS in; We V rk Corp. he wso-
lsir.. rsodv lsif "Wooti— rriwae wsnar tslM lhsk
Cirp'o waw Y, LPmar clri al de- -0 saatian impsswr
WAW pian, wlensd in May IM kKbwm cosarnac.
trims luau tae now""", sad wpm slum" phi-
amriiy to aot-,ft New lesk'r "ft tMwria rs
aacspebiesimplsnfaaw/ (slaw an wriah Maims—but so
funds 00th rite+ coartrscoDm In those tow -growing
Sunbelt cities. the aimed tv espand capital facilities has
strained budget anel placed the emphasis ou setting
ptxuitia for new annstn ction. rather than eepisce
ment, least of the titins rrview sd fail armrgrbeft
ba"Peen these two oku Mss.
in large cities, asich as New Viviic. Danes. slid Seat
tk-" County; as Sony as thre.asnjor o;7 deport
Awnts may psrticiprk in sweeping in vestnI IUM
rAe& and wfting budget *ensues, To wore any
given Peopt-t duosgh the thihaerow olea.lwn asps.
that pvfcv& funding and ,romplaticat. city sac"
siva! ob*tirely arm ssd carefully and symesmat --
Oally daeuwsat dee rani foot the psood, And wird.
Ins of obpettive am mod, docsrKwa tow. Aigh-ievel
Political WARM" or opposition ort be a dsciairr facsoe:
Arpwecina za ,r::;aai Planning T,-4 burgedthg iso
Mass wpm ud wpisorownt for -0041k. smogs haw
higihiy mys"whaic s+aiw-
i
mal ankiwg of deaario-
hetet sewers soorriing to sbpc iw t+iansis in the
ssadito appeasds of repoiaiag soca as tdsr breis, of
Il i -
wesisod.
iA mom 1 the eritisa essiral sillier the piaowing,
4800 0" s Ilse boom"" dniows far Mor tttasse
uroies ate a sat 1) sad syarmis 11 list it
is sass to find both done Mme am
In Ikiysaw (1N0 pspasMtisw >ZtlJplQl ssraaas acetas be
is she wd saisis ly oiler IS yomw of omenta and srswer
itdeteris d beasmeseeidasit firroemstmnsshia
tido are bei art Mm ps isniwi 1-- do mf tory
ar4=Lf
t 7- ir" be ekri.td. User charges an adversely affect
low inrraue r ltiiasena, bot in tirasr circumstances. spe-
CW .scows adj satwemr for rhos past an bt created
till aewdm alteaasoivt worthy of cvrwcieratnon u;
private oparetion of some iscilitieo that in recent
decades: herr been the responsibility of the public
rs~. Sachet in Thu century. theprivate coirstzuction
and, opeestiott of wader supply systema was Common
More naently. we have seen private contrscton as
alternatives in the "Very of maty trervites to public
agencies, Competition in garbage collacbon. AM pm-
is ction. sheet cieanl+rs, thud parse. delivery err cum-
plan. This wdri can apply to the tOnsttuctiaw and,
operation of many kinds of public facllitaes a well
The Advisory Comnmi siert on intergovernmental
Relations (ASR) tend the International City Managers
Msocistim (ICMA) have both conducted surveys to
meamm citiss` neliance one and preference (" the rise
of private sector Lma to provide select public services
Of 2.6M cities var "yed by AOR, over 36 percent of
the nm vndents Indicated a pm-feretim for contlomnr,
with a private firm, for the provwon of services rather
than ahiftrsig wjsiving the responsibilities to govern-
ment agencift. TAe 1(3"A surrey of 3751 citm de-ter-
mined eterminedthat22-5 respondents were already using n,
vote finds in their pmdumvity progt'ams—particu-
iarly in solid waste collection and disposal. stmt
irnaintewrice and construction. hospital construction
and operation. and public tramt
The %*- of private Arm& is rnfiuenced by a number
of historial,politiml. and economic consideranam.
Many cities ate using pnvnte Emu for waste collection
and disposal: because private firm % an secure neem
eery cap -Al funds irrespective of local expenditure
limits, In the part many hospitals were caablixhod b
or purchased by comm nthes because of the inabtiiry
of the private secteV to owe net~TY capital Todaa•
with revenue genrsting abilities of government in-
creasingly contained, such facilities am starting to
revert: back to private ownership and oyeration
Private Grvu provide a means to esrspe the excel-
ave rigidities of overly.bumucratized public alien,
cies acid puRic labocmanagtastnt problems. Private
Grins can wanetim+es be more efficient and operate at
kms cost. than public agencies because of their abilitt to
swiftly introduce new technology, their greater flex-
ibility in the use of wtter incentives, their ability to
eliminate or reduce an unneeded service by wmplV
not cwrinriuing a contract, andtheir often superior
understanding of econoanws of scale rand apecialiu=
tion. The ability of private firths to provide better. N%s
costly aervhces will vary between alwafic functions
and awes.
The potential for privatizing publicaervrces must be
gauged realistically It is wise to remember that many
services once privately and now. publicly provided
were converted bavus a of abuse and corruption in, the
private sector and 'many private sector operations are
inching slowly (sward the public sector today The
conversion of m ny of the bankrupt nilroods into
quasi -public enti!ti va suck to CONRAIL and AMTKAK
we Iwo two of the motet glaring reminders. Federal
loan guaaaaeass: w naajpr corporations. in econoauc
truts ie psovkle were evidence of (itis drift in the
other dieitdisn.
Plivatintion is not an option, in all circumstances
There will always be titvatiow in which the private
sacfor is unable to peovWt pmfiiuWy avny basic
SPIN each as .Miert, arlettricity. Or waste disposal
The atiemnnar wort Often airanced XgainM the use of
Ovehastion, include:
Poore. service and gloater expense b--- of
Ike ward for pouts.
J hesiicma dcenuoitins, m onitorini and ern,•
haling the pssfwatiance of torascton
j private ardor glob—collusion among bidden
Ow bnboty of pultic Oioais,
b lmbishss of preparing enfOaawbJe contracts.
S The ahem haste orrositfio' brow goaeetiment
wad n MA Unions.
Sao P. ft, -LI
maAment saw t
dedils. >1Mi em/AW reajnn ate itaaittth or; At he wouiW i+saw we rased as haws "a, of
me - ---i, &lord urA d by a udw" adv l sy auwwit r+eenvat Awom awl Lir+'X mommaiie aiftim and
use of it alkwAsti, Their SMAMW M4 coils wt OM isirsd to waaase dwirage, bioe-
are thaw wieisani mod te4vwtbol. and else p &Amite do& ob nva"w& aed 0&49001 asea irs
MR Wiuirrow by amore dy Amoy. wapwarM , tvriiew aace&&teyy we weed to , I - veli ma e+e-
dspastwrwtiI bob, orad citiaaw "pimemy bens," The pacsi'ra mad shows is atpeciy Miss wkkh is wW
wawv tttwkima' ead,iaMr paiat Velars. The p" gal- as, a facsq I ler OM"wi% h w'ay std
an an too" nod the PF*a aw+s Out sail PMW, Y oaagtaard $ants:, orad aswptwer
Wit", leteledw am adewisme. amoo a are iab-W aaltmee iawq at onrdt at tie does and mets,
issimsft sed tw AgeewAbitip,Fimal ncawaenia• Sptrdtk aaiwinurt 1. 1 14 0 - womdamb we used to
triers are paepwd by two twosome" met a judeewaat Weatltt A is eat mads %whainift pommitt life io.
ItWis, add all woawwWwist+ieaa ttnntl be tqpewad by cakylatrd and specilk type of aWkienciae are
dim city to waW wA idly tools w—. n(I*W to appeepriste naosatintt actions,
King Comity, Washington (1"0 p• illation Special pracedw tor wemmbh dolor orad ob-
3."f, esdedisig Saattle)' bsora is greet pisnain aeeeatiow combiaw with wifitg and weightin
mad isrdgetiltg Isamos Cllr 1114W, "vwlmiad &stet±&, guidetinsa neisatittg diC'srencos aaang repo type
SmtootRttss is mea -- - with a wAdMVAW tui ow- and iia don. to east, the allocation of frdeei tundt
Plannln4 *map,
tion. rsdoct the rale ility at the product. and shiske
lw icwtidtwc:. an ingredient taential w gartering
ate ""Do necsaary to taakt aeri" inroads, into lite
paolies- d deterioration and ARMY of public.tacili-
Ms, Foe Nae public so &savor #rig#er last iW ant lege
toile to !h' far &c ity construction and repair, it store
be. aon•inored that the prop" is wretw and. hist
lively snntsged. it th+ tnati&tt. &0 govenruft"t con-
Mrnctimm is enshrouded by a veil of waste and comp.
tion is allowed a continue. public attitiatent will not
pnsuit arproptistion of ouffuuciewt &M& to sett in--
fnMtucuen mads. S" WonitotuM will iaapenwe
Are quality W work periaemed aa,vreli n enhance. the
cmdibiiity otgov*nm*sat in is roquirrmneno for pub-
Lie
ub-
L e inaacial aurport,
DWAKA d reveertwe goamentee at West minimal
approptisdon- for the nquinel smeta of gov fe mint
services', N public cWkges ate certain to require basic
dollar amount each Xaa for repair and aaaintenance. it
is politically advantageous to set aside a said retkv t-
ag* of eolkge. tea and tuitions for repairs,
In many governmorm a -And ,. tach AWw apyeopri-
awed foe ciammoost tMpsin is, view d a a dollar not
appropeisted for eschars` aaiaies. With a dedicated,
sevenur seem for astpes Joan rs, dMeraom era-
proweverns. wooW be hwdsa by d*ULa not legally
svaiwl' for any ask" Iwpaae- This is but another
waiuniew to tgwrove an infrastructure tooding deck-
slow foot, the a ntna of rob" chowrt which has tar
dacadai faeced the *h" of waittwce and, repair
activities,
New (alliin& ksqufre: "pain and aS;itMewernts dura
isig their seat yews of kventiay. itequentif', these
elfastt to "debtor Out Whey an the angel sign ant
awnsam at mepair expernw to be. iwcunod during
We, rsa" bit, UafarwoMely, Soversumsats meamse to
teeegnise Are Wiffil ty W ibis cwtnsteestaisar adoom stat
eyde acrd fail to q I - I timte fee dr tea a OWAIT basis,
itloolly. the off I , -" for new eotmrltmcrima
wauW: bostsa6 d imder& a sat JMMWJWL of for
nail vS of aasttrtsedaw Ube I --- I M as ad ,sol-
mast WA woes await lar the faca" with As,
immmt&A. ,I awhile far aapemilieum. lis delsir
grinch usbs minor pewthema is mew WWistgs ba,.
tame 10"M masa ON be aitrpfy 0101011iid,
Whose "Nab. Pwaasswe L low, ld rat WAN an
peefsttrairtg ft "ammo wltidr it comet" umdsm obi ori-
dive* said tinesiVely. What $I memswt bum.
saimeuwa as ONKM, is lie pivw Maus tar aamialsetme in
mtswsgirtg i a'ali I a mew mwgwo pt andneitissa -
pwrcwd' Ms sil r r bdY dweinnw *AWW k
age",
irwpt Ism wet buil wrier a" ailrshw be-
dY ~eatuaae oras bmaaatrnesic 9muv4PW tea" witidr
mown lime ability st live gPftCM n tt wAv their
M Pkysmd ping bfalrlcamatetbp, iiiskmk . Ohio,
t'ildtar ori SM* l7mbatla ab 98* "MO WtiNMK
r6edl w*w of vo a tttema an tttu/W.wd is
Oats wutnagesment centsM fft-ilities atattavournt w a
mwtpk bc..,ter'oeiKttetd operetatwu which lite p illic
room has alwalrr incited eatitiernt 6wiaioa! starer &vas
so do we11.
Without an immediate infusion of repair futtda fol-
lowed lye regular replacement and re"litation
mft%MruAsea &: o oto
Squall
resaure
howe"r, is the het
tis
that W Yeats vii.
water pipes are about to bum. mnhur old brWgn are
indanger of collapse and poorly constructed buildings
ace in need of repair. Haring focused attention our the
prvbka34 govewnsat mum now mark to tenors the
diii`>,Won from tine political forum and appropriate
aLftirwtttt dallats to get the job done, 0
F'immCing huenP. 7
The US, Chamberof Cieam sm, suggests ire basic
skpe for eapk%iing tht posential of privatization.
6 Identify to what extent federal. start and load
laws nnotict tw ptvmow the on of private Arae
W ohs provision of select weirs,
I Iaretrmine if there are a suAk4rit ausiber of
mast, qusli ed so pmvWt the ar"iee: under
reasonable iarm i,
j Ascenain whether Madding and peorurenent
Procedures ase so hrremki" that private inns
win 4 dttertsd.
S Dowrstirte whether phases autheritin ora
given prefeteam over privcie its".
4 Daietaltte if ads"Wer and moon" perfov
alerts! ewNea liaro bsaw. identified. If parlor -
imam or ince",re tontncu we so be used. sits%
s n&#& No ab@WWWY naasassey: liowerer,.
without mart aclndarda. any firm pro iding such
services would, *Wes be at risk ar Nle public
new wouW risk am sostirtg -their neney s
Week
There is liwitsd inforstatiort on Ute exec irerwn of
privwiatten and the ytacifk cieevsriaasw in which
it is wort app psis' Then is dao Reakod agnenaat
OP which "M of inulin and aovions should be
pwrvidsd by at piveft aocasrc VO peiv "Aiiien aft"
a peame icily isipse"M - irons far goes "M to
move sward a eywim W which public isriw" air
Ito sea rateira pci.isitiss W&dsd iii Nee rtealiaies of
who Nes an" will soI p , It also bora Ase rismr of
stlst ft Wane vaocd!' *AM who pay with Mne`wAo
bo m&.
7lntre ass Miss allsrsalisew. i>tiitr>. t lia trtw
orad riots of &slimatti dow ain w as owbut ty of
psimmar as- if sty as PPEP& Maw ani l L. 1, aur oiw-
man a f snMy'. opewas it wish own cbwq ss matil the
iawaoneat is two a A' a pais is e -c— aid
Mew tura owwanb l user r the public. The rasp(
bei w" batwesa Dtdin and Fans ttitt"k. Most, was
lamas, tam add apamond in this swum
A. mane noaartsise Ysiwdmm*m tedtwe iso bees
fir[ t s im fins kA 11 is
AM,# Mat roans iafa b"w A "N
to spodric ptoocs and dereiop cowanun'tty tnnspor-
Maad ArSdency neurit are fteepast ;, +tepurtely
Items &.list Of p.*Ift in priority arses.
k arera+r. Kir4 Couwty's St4 budget priorify-bet-
4 /rocedwime aft vouti to ant bniaiiy non -quinti-
Elie.
Dam (NO) population "620) conducts, annual,
Wwamsti4 and visual surreys of Mnet surtwe. side
walk. arid curl and g~ condinotis, These items are
NOW on a ire step mase from flood to unacceptable A
computffi d weal inventory prcSMM cw WVS a tilt
of toren cowditiom fee every ureet in the city in
ant -block intaew&nts, This is updated annually with
tssuliv of the vietaal: wtrvtr'
The Doilies Aepartournia of panic works and trans-
poristian also track shote iietptovenent rued, Each
type of atteee has act design standards, and; street
rondihows are MW in companion to the standard
The Dopsimawnt of Transportation also takes into
cc oust mitis congestion and voiume, accidents, thor-
oughfare system continuity and future demand,
Witt»n ilii street department, funds allocations are
Wood on ties visual condition sur". street inventors.
piogrant history:, tompLance with design standards
and the other factors mentioned above,
Citywide priority seating, however, is less quantifi-
alk. with tradwrs between protecri being made on
the basis of rradinees to pwtetd and ability to COM—
plots protects, a: desire to spread out operating, and
ritenanor cost impacts of new capital facilities.
private Wctor itiancial participation. and community
desires•
attau n&ry docuawnt of the r4warch and; eight case
studies should be available, in early 1463 0
appli" it. the United Stater as well, The private
uator would construct, mhabtlitatr, maintain, and
operate a city"t: arty m or streets or municipal build,
ings with debt which i k privately rsiaeu and held, The
chy would trpay the cost of the debt over a 6atd
period of time, such as 10 or 20 years, at the end of
which the government would own the facility
This arr sign eat co%dd be attractive to the private
nectar—and not only for its likely tax advantuges by
collewrsiixing select: fadlities and income. doll's,, gy
sai narbing,irer fees and being willing to. guarantee
where necnarry limited anrud supplemental pay.
owntt, the private irmia would be assured of wcunn$.
ewcelltnt fnancuil things and lowered borrowing
sago. For chin with pax bond ratings. these savings
could be, e+ubeaawtial-
Such an approach would bt attrmctive to communi-
tin for, several rsasona. Irina, necessary capital expen-
d wrae toukf be wade nota quickly than otherwise
posaibk, pwrticularly in hani.pwwed places, Second;
assigning a prirea r [amt the responsibilities to collect.
AM charges and staintein the facility would ikeh-
moult in both a higher collection rite and better
m sintainad' farilitisr, Third, such, inaiicirig could te-
dum Ate Amanciag btecdens placed on city budgets'
tet it is unlikely " Our public actor will be
willing W accept drporluns in prownt policies unless
it art be rend of go" effective two of public works
donsm than the present polies& and pncnces have
Yielded. O.
city economic Developownt is published by.
the city kmasrtic Development pmram of the
hie"Mal Lague of closes under a -&rent from the
inwawic DeveWpmntt Adwinistt*twn of the
U.S. Deparumat of Comunree The viewpoints
eapraneti heteiw eta a" nacwaarety resect those
of "n - kwummic Dwttopantnt, Adminstnition.
the US. Depar"weat of CoNUM n or the hl"-
simew tawwr of Cttim.
t
November/December 1982
Electrical
Zonsultant
FOR DESIGNERS AND SPECIFIERS OF EL,ECTRICAI. SYSTEMS
s
i
t
Featuring.
Stinritching., Circuit
Protection And Lighting
Ground Fault Protection ---
Various Schemes Are Analyzed
Important features reviewed and recommendations made
Design Of Energy Efficient
Lighting For Sports Field
yPS and quartz lamps are effectively used for savings
Catalog Listing Of Switchgear
And Circuit Protection Devices
Offering literature available for your study
HPSi andooh"poieW
quartz, bmps are key, to
in 19ZJ, the (Vity* of Plymouth, MN, a.
Minneapolis suburb of 34,000, passed a
bond issue of $2.95 million to develop a.
system of six athletic fields within the
city. Prior to this time, athletic
facilities vithxn the city were almost
nonexistent, The youth athletic asso-
ciations in the city had been promoting
this system for several years and it was
finally becoming reality. At that time
they had no idea that these fields would
became outstanding, examples of ath-
letkl",g StiW When completed,, am ath-
letic fields contained 126 lighting scan-
s
dards, 819 one -thousand watt .high.
pressure sodium floodlights, and 200
one -thousand five hundred watt quarts
f lood*ts (see Fig. 1). The total elft -
tris construction cost exceeded one
million dollars.
With the funds appirovtM=, the city
selected the architectural and engi-
rinY' fim of Bennett, Ringrose,
Wolsfeld, Jarvis & Gardner (BRA), to
By ,lay, J. Cain, P.E., Managing
Principal for Eisciticai Enpineetir
provide the design services. BRW in
turn selected Jacus Associates, Inc, as
the consulting engineers. The design
team consisted of landscape architects,
architects and civil engineers from
BRNV and mechan,,W and electrical
engineers from. Jacus.
With the project programmed and
contracts signed, the team was off and
running. This is an accurate description
because the contracts contained re-
finished. The finished result. This photo of
Fernbri ok. Park, an athletic field; that was
part of this pm*t, shows how the
Qht ng design effectively illuminates
sports events,
quirements (Aith penalty clauses) that
the first four sites be out to bid in
something like four weeks. To compli-
cate matters, the budget was tight, so
there was little room for contplications-`
The right decisions had to be made and
they had, to be made immediatek .
Syeft ,s
Figure 2 provides, a summary of the
systems than arel actually v ithin each
Athletic field, This.was very, close to the
original program established by the
city.
Figures 3 "through 6 shoal: typical lay-
outs for the four basic types of lighting
systems. The actual systems listed in.
Fig. 2 are all, essentially the same but
include combined use of lighting, Stan-
dards and athletic fields overlaying
each other.
A typical description of the basket-
ball, and free skating lighting is not in-
cluded. Tht
n-
cluded.Thv basketball, lighting consists,
of four additional quartz finodlights on
an adjacent tennis lighting standard,.
while the free skating- systems consist
of two additional high pressure sodium
luminaires on the nearest lighting start-
dard (zee Fig, Z). These were non-
critical lighting tasks and the exact fix
ttve heights were not important.
The idea of the project was started
by, theyouth athletic associations and,
they, would be the biggest users of the
facilities; Adult recreation would be
Number Of Lighted Systems installed
oma ` •>_ moi`
lu cornpteRark
h Vuth 2 1 4 3 1 1
JRHS .
Oakland' 1 1 2 2 t 1 1
Elementary
Fernbrook 2 1 1 2; 1 1 i
Park,
Ridgwount 2 1 2 1JRHS
Zachary 2 1 s 2 4 1 1 , 1
Park
Totsi _ 10 6 12 6 1 10 3 25 5
Jacus Associates, Consulting Fig2. Summary of the lighting systems Installed at the sue sites. Ligrtt 0111erent 1.
Engineers, Minnespo4 of sports events are illuminated,
Erical
Cor wMarAr
I
y
HPSi andooh"poieW
quartz, bmps are key, to
in 19ZJ, the (Vity* of Plymouth, MN, a.
Minneapolis suburb of 34,000, passed a
bond issue of $2.95 million to develop a.
system of six athletic fields within the
city. Prior to this time, athletic
facilities vithxn the city were almost
nonexistent, The youth athletic asso-
ciations in the city had been promoting
this system for several years and it was
finally becoming reality. At that time
they had no idea that these fields would
became outstanding, examples of ath-
letkl",g StiW When completed,, am ath-
letic fields contained 126 lighting scan-
s
dards, 819 one -thousand watt .high.
pressure sodium floodlights, and 200
one -thousand five hundred watt quarts
f lood*ts (see Fig. 1). The total elft -
tris construction cost exceeded one
million dollars.
With the funds appirovtM=, the city
selected the architectural and engi-
rinY' fim of Bennett, Ringrose,
Wolsfeld, Jarvis & Gardner (BRA), to
By ,lay, J. Cain, P.E., Managing
Principal for Eisciticai Enpineetir
provide the design services. BRW in
turn selected Jacus Associates, Inc, as
the consulting engineers. The design
team consisted of landscape architects,
architects and civil engineers from
BRNV and mechan,,W and electrical
engineers from. Jacus.
With the project programmed and
contracts signed, the team was off and
running. This is an accurate description
because the contracts contained re-
finished. The finished result. This photo of
Fernbri ok. Park, an athletic field; that was
part of this pm*t, shows how the
Qht ng design effectively illuminates
sports events,
quirements (Aith penalty clauses) that
the first four sites be out to bid in
something like four weeks. To compli-
cate matters, the budget was tight, so
there was little room for contplications-`
The right decisions had to be made and
they had, to be made immediatek .
Syeft ,s
Figure 2 provides, a summary of the
systems than arel actually v ithin each
Athletic field, This.was very, close to the
original program established by the
city.
Figures 3 "through 6 shoal: typical lay-
outs for the four basic types of lighting
systems. The actual systems listed in.
Fig. 2 are all, essentially the same but
include combined use of lighting, Stan-
dards and athletic fields overlaying
each other.
A typical description of the basket-
ball, and free skating lighting is not in-
cluded. Tht
n-
cluded.Thv basketball, lighting consists,
of four additional quartz finodlights on
an adjacent tennis lighting standard,.
while the free skating- systems consist
of two additional high pressure sodium
luminaires on the nearest lighting start-
dard (zee Fig, Z). These were non-
critical lighting tasks and the exact fix
ttve heights were not important.
The idea of the project was started
by, theyouth athletic associations and,
they, would be the biggest users of the
facilities; Adult recreation would be
Number Of Lighted Systems installed
oma ` •>_ moi`
lu cornpteRark
h Vuth 2 1 4 3 1 1
JRHS .
Oakland' 1 1 2 2 t 1 1
Elementary
Fernbrook 2 1 1 2; 1 1 i
Park,
Ridgwount 2 1 2 1JRHS
Zachary 2 1 s 2 4 1 1 , 1
Park
Totsi _ 10 6 12 6 1 10 3 25 5
Jacus Associates, Consulting Fig2. Summary of the lighting systems Installed at the sue sites. Ligrtt 0111erent 1.
Engineers, Minnespo4 of sports events are illuminated,
Erical
Cor wMarAr
I
10`
50' Asso tq With 8
HPS Lumq*ir*s
Hock*y No.1
5 fc
OWat
Nockt y Na, 2
5 tc
k
i
70, Aneftot with
tz HPS Lun*visec
25' IF
50" Lummhly with 8 HP5
Lum nau.s Each
t t5
30' 15D. 150' 30`
HPS Lu"*UirK r
z
1 3W.iisWus
SoccedF'ootball
to tc 20 is
O'AW IWV with ?5
HK`ttrtr+i+ait a
30 Ic
t
3 150` l
b. Typical design for baseball lighting, Here, six 70 ft
standardsA
Fig, 6. Typical design for soccer and football lighting• Sia
support the hurRinakrvs. Thera are t*A o standards with five HPS 60 ft standards, support eight HPS luminaires each to
kuttinairea owh, two with *Wit UPS luminaires each. and two with provide 20 fc on the field. Each luminaire contains a
13 HPS. lumntaires Tach. 1000-W lamp producing 126,000 lumens,
l: EGosul aN,
so, 04"n" th5 HPS. it'
nma tMs 10'
Fig. 3. Typical design (tor Tennis lighting, There ary four 40 ft Fit,*, a, "I'} pical desip. for hockey lighting, Tkere are two 60 f<
standard;' each having eight quartz luminaires, that provide -tandyrds with eight HPS luminaires each and tone 50 ft star,..
30 fe to twO Courts. Frith tuts sets of five HPS luminaires.
the Next largest, unser, of the facilities. lamp. The types considered and their as impractical from a first cost and an
The slste ti lighting levels and t;l of cliaracteristies are summarized_ in operating cast' point of iew. The low
lighting were extablished with these Fig, &'This table does not take into first cost of a quartz sr stem could not
users in mind. consideration how the lamp is. utilized, be ignored while the low operating cost
Ughthm Somme Lamp size, shape, available tech! of high pressure sodium made it a like-
nolo•, utilization, coefficients and ly choice. Afetal halide offered the
The selection of a lighting source other factors may result in lighting benefits, of bath and was the conser-
was the most significant and difficult system characteristics that are dlf- vative choice as the most commonly,
decision to beL made on this project, ferent front that of the lamp properties used source for this t pe of application,.
This included selection of the lanae shown in Fig, S, Mecting between high pressure sodi.
t yj* as, well as selection of the t3Te of Without taking into consideration. tarn, metal halide, and quartz necessi--
luminaire. The choice had to be both how: the lamp is utilized, a final lamp tated considering the t\Tes: of lumi-
economical to operate and have an ini- selection could not be made, The mires and the application,
tial cost that was within the project. choices could, however, be narrowed Quarta; lump* budget. dawn, Aiercurr vapor and. incatides-
The first Decision was the t pe of cent !kystems were quickl.s* eliminated Quartz fixtures would utilize stan-
70, Aneftot with
tz HPS Lun*visec
25' IF
50" Lummhly with 8 HP5
Lum nau.s Each
t t5
30' 15D. 150' 30`
HPS Lu"*UirK r
z
1 3W.iisWus
SoccedF'ootball
to tc 20 is
O'AW IWV with ?5
HK`ttrtr+i+ait a
30 Ic
t
3 150` l
b. Typical design for baseball lighting, Here, six 70 ft
standardsA
Fig, 6. Typical design for soccer and football lighting• Sia
support the hurRinakrvs. Thera are t*A o standards with five HPS 60 ft standards, support eight HPS luminaires each to
kuttinairea owh, two with *Wit UPS luminaires each. and two with provide 20 fc on the field. Each luminaire contains a
13 HPS. lumntaires Tach. 1000-W lamp producing 126,000 lumens,
l: EGosul aN,
IL 3D
Plymouth JuniorH10 site
s ai+oeK so. Wrsl i
sMt+.( ys SOCccctEoetwt West
Ft" skating
i
N
an
OW Fig, tit variiiwstandardsfor differentisshFmn.Thelighting
not standards nearest the free skating and. baskeiW, It area have additional luminaires that are directed to these areas,
test
ke-
the
Mr- dard horizontal lamp floodlights. with.
my double-eneed lamps, This system of
on, + fers a low first cost for the fixtures and
Ouartx
lamps, and the lighting standard costs
Metal Halide
would also be less because the lumt-
rni- naire is smaller and lighter than high
pressure sodiutn or metal halidz lumi-
naires. The electrical distribution
system would cost more because of the
an{ less efficient system and the resulting
larger electric service, conductors,
pataelboards and contactor'a. A quartz
system would cost less than high pres-
sure sodium or metal halide, although
the amount was, never estimated. The
operating cost of a quartz system
9
would be several' times that of high
pressure sodium or metal halide. It
would be irrespinsible, to use a com-
plete quartz system, and quartz was
eliminated as a source for the general
athletic field lighting.
There are exceptions to this, Quartz
tk odlights: are used to illumin"te the
tennis and basketball courts. These
were controlled by coin-operated
meters and instant operation of the
lighting is required, These systems: are
used sparingly,
MPO Or MetallOW*
The choice of metal halide or high
pressure sodium depended on the
luminaire. Since the lamps are simPar,
Incandescent 1500
ism
1000
1,000
1500
1000
30
23`
47
as
93
126
1000
2000
16000
12000
Xm
c10t70
98
97
45
70
70
1 20
Ouartx
Mercury Vapor
Metal Halide
1,a OAI Fiaiitie
High Pressure Sodiurn
Fid 8, z*vy chsrmcterinj,it s of the different tamps that wetm considered for the six.
athi;,c ie{da.
1«!2'
they could utilize similar luminaires.
Vertical, horizontal and axial lamp
floodlights were all considered. All
three could be used with each being
hest suited to one or more but not all of
the lighting tasks, only one type
would be used, an axial lamp floodlight
with the socket at the rear of the fix-
ture and the arc -tube pointed towards
the illuminated area), was selected as
the best suited for the wide eariet ryof
lighting tasks, The SLH series
Sportsliter " by Hublwll Lighting wa
selected as the base luminaire for the
project.
The choice of metal halide or high
pressure sodium as the light sour-ce
still, had not been made, Metal halide
was recommended as the conservative
choice with a !ow first cost, and there
are many successful installations in our
area. It. was also strongly recommend-
ed that HPS be considered if the color
was acceptable and if the additional
cost could be absorbed into the project,
An NPS lighting system is mono-
chromatic and is in the "gold" spec-
trum, producing a warm -colored light
but offering poor color rendition,
Metal halide produ;ms a cold light. --
bluish -green, however with better col -
01, rendition. At that time the city's
new parks and recreation director,;
Eric Blanc, joined the project team.
Blanc had previous experience Keith
HPS lighting and did not object to the
color; The fhW 'decision could not Le
29
made until a more detailed study was
With the help of Marls Mlazgar of
Mlatw Associates, the fixture nmu
facturer representative, two basic
hting designs were developed for
evaluation purposes for all six sites,
one design for a I.SWW metal halide
ystem and one design for a 1000AV
HPS system. The result was an esti-
mated tctal electrical construction cost
of $888,000 for the metal halide
system, with an additional $112,000 re-
quired for high pressure sodium,
The project budget was tight, but the
advantages of sodium. could not be ig-
nored, The warm light of an HPS
system is more pleasing. than the cold
light produced by metul: Uide. High
pressure wAium has an efficiency of
126 1mrW c9nipared to 93 lmlW for
metal WW,, The ?ong are tube of an
HPS lamp makea it more difficult to
control so the fixture is slightly less ef-
ficient but it still only takes five
1000 rL' HPS luminaires for every four.
1500-W metal halide luminaires for a
net energy savings of 17%. The metal
halide system has a 3000 -hour lamp life
vs. 26,000 hours for high pressure
sodium. The systems typically operate
under 500 hours per year so this was
not a major consideration. However,
the _seasonal use of the facilities Frith
an. electrical utility rate structure that
includes a ratcheting demand would
later result in an electrical operating
cost of $.II/kN%lh,
The advantages of an HPS system
could not. be ignored and the decision
was to use high pressure sodium in
spite of the: budget,
Lkhthm Suww ttrds
The selection of the type of lighting
standard was also a major decision.
Fig.9. Ligaianuassembly No. 15 provides
illumination to four sports areas and is a
fwd example of how one standard
supports multiple luminaires. Lighting is
aimed in five different directions from
hurninsim positioned at, four levels.
The basic considerations included life,
maintenance and first cost. Initially
steel, aluminum, concrete and wood
standards were considered. Aluminum
and concivte Fere eliminated because
of their high first cost. This left, steel
either painted, galvanized o; weather-
ing) or wood to be considered,.
Maintenance and upkeep on painted
steel is high, so painted lighting stan-
dards were eliminated, Galvanized and
weathering steel standards are similar
in cost and maintenance character-
ittics except that weathering steel
tends to "heal" itself and is not easily
defaced by vandals, etc. If steel stan-
davds were utilized, they would be the
weathering type,
The choices were: narrowed down to
xeathering steel or wood.
The city would not be maintaining
the sbstQm and would instead contract
this out. The standards would then not
need to be equipped with climbing
stens and safety cables because the
maintenance coney -actor uses boom
trucks. This was a factor that favored
wood since this equipment would have
to be field installed on the wood stan-
dards at a higher cost than factory in-
stallation on the steel standards.
Wood standards could be embedded
while the steel standards require coni
crete foundations. This was an advan-
tage for wood since concrete founda-
tions are costly. RGwever, studies
showed that the foundations. would na
be a significant factor in the large
qi*antitios required. In addition, the
sites of the athletic fields contained
poor soil, such as peat, etc., where it
would be difficult to set embedded
standards and keep them vertical.
It came down to an economic analy-
sis. Taking into corsideratien the addi-
tional field work required for wood and
the poor soil conditions, the savings
with wood standards www only $47,000
on all six sites combiner:. The strong
preference was weathering bteel stan-
dards once again in spite o;the budget.
The choico of the manufacturer for
the standards was Millerbernd, who of-
fered a quality product at a competi-
tive price.
DWW And Layout
The most complicated task pre-
sented to the design team was the lay-
out of the individual athletic fici^
These had to be laid out to make n ,-
imum use of each site. There were.
three basic objectives; organize the
sites with a minimum of ,mused space,
minimize the number of lighting
assemblies, and keep the construction
cost within the budget..
Figure 7 shows the basic layout of
the Plymouth Junior High School site.
This is an example of excellent use of
space and facilities with almost no
compromise. The combination of two
softball fields and one soccer/football
at the south end of the site creates
almost; optimum conditions for all
three functions. Lighting assembly
No, 26 is not ideally located to illumi-
nate the softball outfields although its
location is ideal for soccer lighting. For
proper illumination of the softball out-
fields, this assembly shou'd be located
in the approximate center of the soccer
field, thereby eliminating the soecer
field, The lighting manufacturer's
point-bypoint calculations %vould
ultimately shoes: t1at although the soft-
ball outfield lighting was not perfect, it
vms acceptable. A similar situation ex-
ists where soccer/football east overlays
softball north.
Excellent examples of lightini; as-
semblies that serve multiple facilities
are assemblies No. 15 and No. 7 (see
Figs. 9 and 10). Assembly No. 15 pro -
N ides illumination for soccer/football
west, <^ccerlfrotball east, softball
north, and free skating. It has lighting
aimed five different directions and
luminaires mounted at four elevations.
Assembly No. 7 is similar in function as
it illuminates both hockey rinks and
the softball infield with multidirec-
tional lighting at three different, eleva-
tions.
Controls And Distribution.
The type of control system and the
type of distrib-tion system utilized
were closely related. The four larger
athletic fields each contain a variety of
different types of facilities spread over
15 to 30 acres, and the city wished to
control and monitor the operation of
these systems from one location at
each. site.
Since five of the six sites had shelter
buildings built as part of this project, it
Fig, 10 Lighting assemble No, 7 has
multiple lighting objectives serving three
sports areas.
Electrical
Consi,Alant
r.
the systems from 4, singe oration an
desired the ability to program the
118•
o
A
was decided that all' of 'the lighting
C-1 manner, but electromechanical: time -
systems at each: site would be con- Photocell
tralkd from the shelter at that site
Rrdgemriunt------_ upentnwy Timectaek To 120 Y Circuli
t to utilize electronic controls. All, twelve
7?%e e±cct:pdon wts the
timeclocks. could be replaced with a
rr single programmable controller, Most
site which uses a free-standing service
er top sophisticated and expensive. How-
T Control Tramlorrner IY'1 To 24 V
ever, Paragon had recenrJv introduced
4
enclosure, A single electrical service
Pit, would cost less than the electro-
mechanical. timeclock and allow pro-
rel
located in the shelter seemed logical;
it systems. it was ideally suited to the
7'y,
w although tete costs of distributing TC RogrammWk Controller
V
device to protect against unauthorized
power to all of the systems would be
operation by not allow frig the program-
anabk controller to operate the system
ivklh 12 Ntput circuits.
f3
t
aubmantial and had to be be minimized,
theting ,
located
shelter buildings, so it is necessary
24.v To Relays maXal.
4 the, athletic fields for the lighting, A
The typical approach to an electrical
c ownpramire be ween a direct buried
1`-• Vo1R„lct*na tl(
s` system of this type utilizes a,208
orMP—
T 120 v Coil Connections To Lighting Relays
xfrom the shelter and the mid.-
240.V distribution network, for}f
elle of the lighted ficilijt e lighting
Through Torec xk And Delays
asaernbliea. 'were connected to the
various reasons. On a 208 V system, V SPDT't]ut utt-
k
for. the I& V, groups of eorxluctors can
1000 A of 200 A feeders, would be— Rays Wile 2s, v Coil And 12o
Contacts ttypicatl
i
rcornoeny b= burial installation
necessary for some of the fields.
TheContacts
conductors would also hal,2 to be in -(penile Edpaed l Coln Anker
a, creased several, sizes to compensate
fortwo
tbandbasketball
tingLighting
the voltage drop. High voltage systems Fulay With 0 V1#ata tVrth i$t1 { k{Uitl e Contacts
with remote transformers were can-
s sideredbut quickly eliminated as im-To Lighting SolernOypicall
Ile practical. The most practical system
seemed to be at a 180 V level. The
l
d1ilg,
feeder sizes were more reasonable and 11. The basic lighting, control scheme as used at five of the sir sites, The controller
the voltage drop was workable. energises 'R' relays which energiTe LR relays. Systems operate only, it TC allows power
The owner wished to control all of to the LR coils. Meter interfaces to en-irgi:e tennis lighting as required. J1 d
se
the systems from 4, singe oration an
desired the ability to program the
118• operation of the systems. This could be
A done with timeclocks in the traditional
C-1 manner, but electromechanical: time -
clocks require maintenance and are not
easily reprogrammed, Since some sites
would require up to twelve different
systems schedules, it seemed feasible
t to utilize electronic controls. All, twelve
d timeclocks. could be replaced with a
rr single programmable controller, Most
programmable control systems were
er top sophisticated and expensive. How-
to, ever, Paragon had recenrJv introduced
4 a new electronic tin, ee'lock which
Pit, would cost less than the electro-
mechanical. timeclock and allow pro-
rel grammed operation of up to twelve
it systems. it was ideally suited to the
project.
The basic control system as utilized
at all sites is shown in. Fig, 11. As an
afterthought, a photo -initiated time -
clock was added, This is a security
device to protect against unauthorized
operation by not allow frig the program-
anabk controller to operate the system
j before dusk or after a preset time.
t The ligh relays are in all
theting ,
located
shelter buildings, so it is necessary
to run separate feeders out to each of
4 the, athletic fields for the lighting, A
c ownpramire be ween a direct buried
3 and coMot4nelosed wiring system
was used, On each, site a: trunk system
of PVC conduit and handholes run out
xfrom the shelter and the mid.-
elle of the lighted ficilijt e lighting
f asaernbliea. 'were connected to the
handholea with direct buried corduc-
toes. This system provided protection
for. the I& V, groups of eorxluctors can
cennmyrcornoeny b= burial installation
for the single branch circuits.
shs leer Wo dings
The design of the electrical and other
systems for the shelter buildings was
an interesting aspect for this project.
Park shelter buildings have design
problems not present in: most other
structures.:
One non -electrical issue was the
basic geometry of the buildings The
buildings were designed to blend into
the site, The architects at BRW are
masters at earth -sheltered; construc-
tion and they applied that principal to
these buildings. They created two basic
designs for the shelters that made
them look as if they belonged in the
athletic fields, One is earth berry rd and
the other iscompletelyearth covered.
One interesting Asper' of working
with earth -sheltered facilities is at-
tempting to locate the pad -mounted
transformer in an inconspicuous loca-
tion. This simply doesn't work and, to
make matters worse, the transformers
were large in relation to the building
Kale because of the large lighting
loads.
vandalism is. a critical issue in the
building design. Everything from the
plumbing fixtures to the windows had.
to be heavy dui and vandal resistant,.
The 14hting fixtures were prison -
grade fluorescent and all wiring
devices were hospital grade with poly-
carbonate plates.
Another interesting aspect of the
shelters was the choice of heatiriQ
systems. The buildings are electrically
heated. Natural gas was. available, but
r gas installation and the related equip-
1tM!'
mere` could not be justified;. The elec-
trical rate structure consists of a low
energy charge With a relatively high
demand charge that ratchets, so that
in the winter months the demand can
never be less than 8010 of its summer
high.. The cost of electricity to heat the
buildings had, little impact on the elec-
tric bills because of the huge lighting
loads and their seasonal nature.
The construction of these athletic
facilities offered several interesting
problems and situations.
During the construction of the first
four sites, the work was on a crash
schedule to be ready for spring use. All
of the underground work through
finish grading and sodding was to be
completed during the fall. The elec-
tricians were to come back in and erect
the lightir,K standards during January
or February on the frozen ground, This
sounder` good except that no one.
bothered to tell the weatherman. For
the first time in years there were tem-
peratures in the SOs and 60s in January
and February in Minnesota. That was
the last problem anyone expected in
Minnesota.
With several different electrical con-
tractors involved with the projects,
some interesting variations in con-
struction, methods were enticed. The
main difference was in the sequence
for erecting thelighting assemblies.
T)Iiirslly, the standards were assem-
bled on the ground and thk twkets at-
tached. They were then righted, at-
tached to the braes and the luminaires.
were installed, One contractor chose to
31
do all of the assembly' work oil the
ground, luminaires included, and then
right the completed assembly, Ap-
parentty that worked well at first,
White erecting one of the 70 ft baseball
l outfield assemblies, the cable broke
when the assemblywas nearly vertical,
The standard was bent, the luminaires
l" destroyed,, and the electrical foreman.
f supposedly walked off the job after a
near-miss,by the falling assembly, ThisIsystemwasapparently- abandoned.
The most interesting experience of
the project occurred during a night in-
sm,etion at the Zaehary Park site, One
4 the banks of lighting, tin the softball
fields was not on even though it was
energize:'. The breakers v eren't
riplxd. and everything appeared nhrw
mal. I he inspection team was walking
towards the lighting, assembly, but
carne to an abrupt halt when it was
noticed that one of the steel sigtt, n posts
was steaming, (It had just stop ned
raining.) Close. -inspection showed that
the post was also "crackling," The
reason for the lighting malfunction
was clear. It was a, ground fault, One cif
z
features 2 to 8
up to 10 stages
32
Multi -
position.
RELAV
positions...
A unique combination of an auxiliary relay and a stepping switch
with 30 amps current capacity. Both electrical and manual operation
from a single unity
Compares most favorably with your present control schemes; on
the basis of both cost and: reliability, Perfect for remote or on -panel
supervisory control.
Possible applications include;
Elimination of telephone relays by automatic testing of buses
after protective relay operation.
Remote testing of transfer trip and carrier relaying
Remote meter readings through supervisory control
e Automatictransfer schemes
Testing of motor operated switches
Transformer tap changing & capacitor control circuits:
Your application..
Complete details; and technical specifications in Technical
Publication SSR -1. Request your free copy on reader service card
or call (617) 335.5200,
ELI ECrRG WITCH
Weymouth, 1101machusM 02189
T•NpMne- 617r=/5200 a TWX: 710/386/0377
Circle sR an Made' Service Card
1
only two signs tail the site had twee
driven thv)ugh a 480 V feeder at the
one location where it was, not at the re-
gtzired 3 =q" depth because it had tt)
cross a PNT irrigation line, To make it
even more interesting, the irrigation
line provided enough insuiation to
avoid a. solid connection lit ground that
would trite the circuit breaker,
Special Considerations
Because the athletic fields avere all
located in residential areas, steps had
to be taken to protect tl,t, residents
from light spillover. This included
glare control and eliminating light in-
trusioti into the adjacent homes, Glare -
controlling half -concentric e avers
were used on part of the fixtures to
correct these problems, They were
specified to be provided tin 351,14 of the ,
fixtures. The exact fixtures to receive
the louvers were determined after the t
construction was partially complete
tied
the problem areas ctetild }.e idem
gid,
The lighting had to be protected
from vandals. The tempered glass
lenses e'ii the floodlights \vere excellent
targets for air rifles and grist rockets.
Even t1lougln it would rust $40 per fix-
ture, poli carbonate guards Nvere pro-
vided for eery floodlight,
Conclusion
The most significant aspect of the
Plynnouth athletic fields project is the
extensive use of BPS lighting and the
general acceptance of this system, Ac- 4
cording to some sources, this project
represents the largest installation of .
high pressure sodium sportslighting in
the country and possibly outside the
country as well, Even moire important
is tine acceptance of the sodium
lighting. To nnany, high pressure sod'i-
unn, when properly applied, is superior
to other HID sources to noire ways
than energy conservation, Althout It
the color rendition of high pressure
sodium is technically poor, the warm
color is much more pleasant than the
cold colors of metal halide and nnercury
vapor, Enthusiastic approval of the ins
stallation was never more clear than
on the first night inspection at the w-
eer lighting at the Oakdale site, The
looks on the faces of everyone told tile
story.
The Author
Jay J, Cain is the neanagng principal of
electrical engineering with Jacus
associates, inc„ consulting, mechanical;
electrical and structural engineers of
Minneapolis, h1N. He has BEE degree
from the University, of Minnesota, insti,
tute of Technology and has been active in
the consulting industry for nine years.
Cain is a Registered Professional
Engineer in Minnesota and nine other
1 states.
a'
CNQ;w
ctr