HomeMy WebLinkAboutCity Council Packet 06-13-2006 SpecialAgenda
City of Plymouth
Special City Council Meeting
Tuesday, June 13, 2006
5:30 p.m.
Medicine Lake Rooms A and B
1. Call to Order
2. Discuss Greenhouse Gas Project
3. Set Future Study Sessions
4. Adj ourn
DATE: June 6, 2006
TO: Laurie Ahrens, City Manager
FROM: CwCote, P.E., Director of Public Works
SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMISSION (EQC)
RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDENT PROJECT ON
REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES
Attached please find the February 28, 2006 memorandum prepared by Shane Missaghi, Water
Resources Engineer, regarding the above referenced project. This memorandum was provided to
the City Council in the Council Information Memorandum (CIM) in advance of a study session
where the City Council set the date for discussion of this issue. Also attached, please find the
U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement as provided by Councilmember Black.
Although alternative resolution language was .provided by staff, Karina Hill requested that her
resolution be considered by the EQC. The EQC adopted the resolution attached to the staff
report. While the resolution includes many noble causes and efforts, it may conflict with other
City Council priorities, directives, or the EQC's approved Work Plan. The City Council could
adopt the resolution recommended by the EQC, direct staff to modify the resolution and present
a revised resolution to the City Council at a future date, or take no official action on a resolution,
but continue to support energy conservation efforts and projects.
Attachments: February 28, 2006 Memorandum .
U.S. Mayors Climate Protection agreement
0:\Engineering\GENERALV,4EM05\DORAN\2006\CIM_EQC StdntProj_rnhs_gas.doc
The U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement
A. We urge the federal government and state governments to enact policies and
programs to meet or beat the Kyoto Protocol target of reducing global warming
pollution levels to 7% below 1990 levels by 2012, including efforts to: reduce the
United States' dependence on fossil fuels and accelerate the development of
clean, economical energy resources and fuel-efficient technologies such as
conservation, methan recovery for energy generation, wind and solar energy, fuel
cells, efficient motor vehicles, and biofuels;
B. We urge the U.S. Congress to pass the bipartisan Climate Stewardship Act
sponsored by Senators McCain and Lieberman and Representatives Gilchrist
and Olver, which would create a flexible, market-based system of tradable
allowances among emitting industries; and
C. We will strive to meet or exceed Kyoto Protocol targets for reducing global
warming pollution by taking actions in our own operations and communities such
as:
1. Inventory global warming emissions in City operations and in the
community, set reduction targets and create an action plan.
2. Adopt and enforce land -use policies that reduce sprawl, preserve open
space, and create compact, walkable urban communities;
3. Promote transportation options such as bicycle trails, commute trip
reduction programs, incentives for car pooling and public transit;
4. Increase the use of clean, alternative energy by, or example, investing in
green tags", advocating for the development of renewable energy
resources, and recovering landfill methane for energy production;
5. Make energy efficiency a priority through building code improvements,
retrofitting city facilities with energy efficient lighting and urging
employees to conserve energy and save money;
6. Purchase only Energy Star equipment and appliances for City use;
7. Practice and promote sustainable building practices using the U.S. Green
Building Council's LEED program or a similar system;
8. Increase the average fuel efficiency of municipal fleet vehicles; reduce the
number of vehicles; launch an employee education program including
anti -idling messages; convert diesel vehicles to bio -diesel;
9. Evaluate opportunities to increase pump efficiency in water and
wastewater systems; recover wastewater treatment methane for energy
production;
10. Increase recycling rates in City operations and in the community;
11. Maintain healthy urban forests; promote tree planting to increase shading
and to absorb CO2; and
12. Help educate the public, schools, other jurisdictions, professional
associations, business and industry about reducing global warming
pollution.
DATE: February 28, 2006
TO: Laurie Ahrens, City Manager through
Doran Cote, P.E., irector of Public Works
FROM: Shane Missaghi,ater Resources Engineer
SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE'S (EQC) RECOMMENDATION
FOR THE STUDENT PROJECT ON REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES
On July 5, 2005, the City Council revised the 2005 EQC Annual Plan to include a review of the
Carlton Fellowship project to be conducted by Karina Hill, a student at Carlton College and a
Plymouth resident (see attached staff report). Ms. Hill had received a Carlton Fellowship Grant to
produce a documentary film about her efforts to help a city pass a resolution in support of reducing
its greenhouse gases and requested that the City of Plymouth participate in the project.
Ms. Hill presented her project to the EQC at their August 10, 2005 meeting and asked the EQC for
direction on how to proceed with her project. The EQC asked Ms. Hill to research other cities that
have adopted supportive resolutions, investigate measures currently implemented by Plymouth and to
suggest new measures that could reduce greenhouse gases and provide energy and cost saving
benefits.
Ms. Hill's final report (copy attached) was presented to EQC at their January 11, 2006 meeting. The
EQC members commended Ms. Hill for compiling information on greenhouse gases in her report.
They felt the report provided practical information to assist the City in focusing its future efforts in
managing greenhouse gases. After significant discussion and several modifications to Mrs. Hill's
draft resolution (copy attached), the EQC recommended that the City Council adopt Mrs. Hill's
resolution. The EQC felt the resolution confirms the City's long standing environmental
commitments and initiatives. They also felt the resolution also acknowledged the significant efforts
of other U.S. municipal governments in addressing climate change and greenhouse gases. Mrs. Hill's
resolution, as approved by the EQC, directs staff, in cooperation with EQC, to annually investigate
the feasibility of adopting one or more of the strategies that are provided in the resolution or other
appropriate initiatives in support of greenhouse gas reductions.
attachments: July 12, 2005 City Council Agenda Item
Student Project Report on Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Resolution
0:\Engineering\WTRQLTYIMEMOS\2006\CCouncil 2 28 06 Karina final report.doc
Agenda Number:
TO: Mayor and City Council
FROM: Laurie Ahrens, City Manager
SUBJECT: Consider Amending Environmental Quality Committee Work Plan
DATE: July 5, 2005, for City Council meeting of July 12, 2005
1. ACTION REQUESTED: Adopt a motion to amend the 2005 work plan of the
Environmental Quality Committee (EQC) to in review of the Carleton Fellowship
project conducted by Karina Hill. This item is requested by Councilmember Black.
2. BACKGROUND: Plymouth resident Karina Hill has received a Fellowship Grant through
Carleton College and has provided the attached letter describing her proposed project. It
involves the request that the Council consider adoption of a resolution relating to local efforts
to reduce greenhouse gasses and save energy, along with creation of a list of potential
policies, projects, and programs the City could consider in the future for these purposes.
Councilmember Black, Environmental Education Coordinator Margie Vigoren, and I met
with Karina Hill last week to hear her proposal. At this meeting, I explained that the
Council's goals, the EQC Work Plan, and the majority of our environmental staff's time are
currently devoted to surface water issues. We would not be able to take on a major new
initiative at this time. Karina indicated that she would be doing the work, and staff would
only be asked to provide information on city services and efforts already taken — not to do
research or analysis. She would provide a list of opportunities for the City to consider in the
future. Her project is flexible, but she does need to document the entire process for her grant
project. Councilmember Black has suggested that the EQC review and comment on this
proj ect.
Each year, the City works with students who are seeking internships, research projects, or
other project -based opportunities. Typically these activities occur at a staff level. Karina's
project is a bit different because it includes a possible review by the EQC and action by the
City Council on a resolution supporting energy-saving and reduction of greenhouse gasses.
Therefore, this issue is coming to the Council.
3. ALTERNATIVES: The Council could decide not to add this item to the EQC's Work Plan.
The Council may believe that the EQC has a sufficient workload or other priorities, or that
this issue is not an immediate local priority for the City. Staff could still assist with Karina's
project by providing all requested information.
4. BUDGET IMPACT: There would be minimal staff time involved in providing information
to Karina on energy-saving projects the City has already done. If the item is added to the
EQC's Work Plan, there would be some additional staff time involved in review of Karina's
report and preparation of the item for the EQC and Council. This assumes there would be no
immediate additional research, analysis, or implementation of recommendations from the
report, which would require additional resources.
5. RECOMMENDATION: Councilmember Black has requested that Karina Hill's project be
added to the EQC's work plan. A copy of the current work plan is attached.
2005 WORK PLAN
I. MEMBERSHIP
The EQC membership for 2005, is as follow:
Members Area Member Since Terms Expires
Kathleen M. Osborne Ward 1 6/18/97 1/31/07
Michelle Foss Ward 2 11/23/04 1/31/06
Vacant Ward 3 1/31/08
Brian Forrest Ward 4 1/7/03 1/31/06
John Berrigan, Jr. At -Large 2/1/05 1/31/08
Sally Strand At -Large 12/9/03 1/31/07
Laura Brinkman At -Large 2/1/05 1/31/06
Student Members:
Sarah Hayes Youth At -Large 6/8/04 6/30/05
Wesli Waters Youth At -Large 6/8/04 6/30/07
The committee will be supported by Council Coordinating Representative Ginny Black, and the
City Engineer or designee. The Engineering Division will also provide support staff as
committee's recording secretary.
H. 2005 WORKPLAN
A. EOC Orientation For New members (February 9, 2005).
The purpose of the orientation is to introduce and familiarize the EQC new members with the
City's policies and practices, the EQC mandates, members' responsibility, and the 2005 Work
Plan.
B. Plymouth Water Resources Management
EQC will continue to participate in implementation of Plymouth Water Resources Management
Plan as well as the EPA Phase Il permitting processes. The EQC will be kept informed on
projects, such as:
1. No Wake Zone Ordinance Public Hearing (February 9, 2005). The EQC will hold a
public hearing to share detail information and hear opinions to protect sensitive aquatic
vegetation in designated areas of Medicine Lake as established by the Aquatic Vegetation
Management Plan. Following the public hearing, the proposed ordinance, records of
testimony at the public hearing, and EQC's recommendation will be forwarded to the City
Council for consideration.
2. EPA Phase II Public Hearing (March 9, 2004). The EQC is the designated advisory
council for the EPA Phase II permit. EQC will assist in reviewing and conducting any
necessary public information meeting. Following the public hearing, records of testimony
at the public hearing, and EQC's recommendation will be forwarded to the City -Council
for consideration.
3. Water Resources Management Plan Implementation Update. The EQC will be kept
up to date on implementation activities, such as:
Medicine Lake Watershed Implementation & Management Plan. In 2004,
Medicine Lake Watershed Sub -Committee developed the Phase H of the Medicine
Lake Implementation & Management Plan. The implementation of the Phase H
will begin in 2005. A detailed plan has been reviewed and approved by City
Council. The Medicine Lake Aquatic Vegetation Management (AVM) Group
will also continue implementation of the AVM Plan. Some of the AVM
implementation items for 2005 will include the second herbicide treatment for
curly leaf, establishing no wake zone ordinance, and continuing efforts on
shoreline restoration.
Parkers Lake Implementation Plan. The City will continue implementing the
Parkers Lake Implementation Plan, some major activities will include: published
watershed based newsletter, priority street sweeping, water quality testing; goose
control, and Aquatic Vegetation Management.
4. Environmental Quality Tour (July 13, 2005). The purpose of this tour is to introduce
and familiarize the interested City residents and EQC members to the various BMP's
implemented in the City.
5. Storm Water Utility Fee Incentive Program (SIP). The goal of the SIP is to improve
water quality by reducing the storm water runoff volume, rate, and nutrient loading. An
incentive program would encourage practices to accomplish this. Staff will prepare a
general program for EQC's review, comment, and ultimately recommendation to the City
Council.
6. 2005 Annual Report & 2006 Work Plan. Annually, the EQC members participate in
developing the EQC's annual report and work plan. The annual plan and the work plan
are then forwarded to City Council for their approval.
C. Education And Program. Promotion
The goals and policies of the Education and Program Promotion section of the Plymouth Water
Resources Management Plan are presented in the following table:
Plymouth's Water Resources Management Public Participation Information and Education Policies
Subject: Enhancement of Public Participation, Information and Education
Purpose: Encourage active community involvement in water resources management.
Goal: Increase public participation and knowledge in management of water resources in the community.
Public Involvement Policies
Policy 5.1: The City will use a public involvement process in resource management decision-mAking (i.e. the City
Environmental Quality Committee or EQC)
Policy 5.2: The City_will use a variety of media including newsletters, local cable television and the City's website
to inform the community about water resource issues.
Policy 5.3 Work with existing public and private resources to increase public participation in water resources
management.
Policy 5.4 Establish model interpretive sites for public education.
Policy 5.5 The City will initiate. a public education program including alternative Iandscaping, phosphorus free
fertilizer, aquatic plant management, etc.
The City's environmental education program will reflect the overall environmental goals of the
City, and of projects and priorities that the EQC undertakes under the approval of the City
Council.
The 2005 environmental education plan is designed to meet the minimum control measures
required by the Phase 11 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Program, to engage Plymouth
residents in protecting water quality, to encourage participation in the City's recycling program
and to inform residents of the many ways they can make choices that protect their health and the
environment. Education efforts are coordinated with schools, other City departments and
watershed management organizations whenever practicable.
The EQC participates in several educational opportunities throughout out the year. These
include the Yard and Garden Expo on April 9, 2005, the Environmental Quality Fair on May 17,
2005, and Music In Plymouth on July 6, 2005.
D. Plymouth Solid Waste Management
The EQC will continue to receive updated information on the City's solid waste program through
an annual report in February, and information memos throughout the year.
The City of Plymouth Solid Waste Management Program will continue to offer. residential
curbside, drop-off and special collection options for recyclable materials, yard waste and certain
other specified materials.
The project to study options to promote increased paper recycling will conclude after
implementation of a promotional strategy and final assessment of the designated study areas.
Findings will inform citywide promotion for paper recycling.
The "Adopt -A -Street" volunteer program will be implemented in the seven areas identified as
appropriate for this type of program.
E. Proposed 2005 EOC Meeting Schedule and Major Topics:
Month Date Time Place Key Topics / Issues
February 9 5:30 PM City Council 1. No Wake Zone Ordinance Public Hearing
Chamber 2. Orientation For New Members
March 9 7:00 PM City Council 3. EPA Phase II Public Hearing
Chamber
April 13 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber
May 11 7:00 PM City Council 4. Water Resources Management Plan
Chamber Implementation Update.
June 8 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber
July 13 5:30 PM No Meeting 5. The BMP Annual Tour
August 10 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber
September 14 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber .
October 10 7:00 PM City Council 6. Storm Water Utility Fee Incentive Programs
Chamber
November 9 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber
December 14 7:00 PM City Council
Chamber
January 11 7:00 PM City Council 7. 2005 Annual Report and 2006 Work Plan
06 Chamber
June 30, 2005
Dear Mayor Johnson,
First, .let me say that I am sorry you were ill on.the day, of our meeting. I hope that you
are feeling better.
This letter is a follow up to that meeting with City Manager Ahrens, Council Member
Black and Margie Vigoren regarding the Carleton Fellowship I received to make a
documentary about reducing greenhouse gasses at the local level. At that meeting City
Manager Ahrens suggested that I pull together a more detailed proposal for consideration
by the: Council at its July. 12, 2005 meeting.
Let me first recap my project briefly. I received a fellowship grant to fund my
documentary which will focus on the barriers to reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a
local level by focusing on my efforts in Plymouth. I will document my efforts by using
taped interviews with council members and city staff as well as taped discussion at
formal council meetings to create a film that will hopefully aid others in tailoring a plan
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their communities. The heart of my project is
focused on capturing the discussion the City has in considering whether to adopt both a
resolution to reduce greenhouse gasses as well as the various potential policies, projects,
and programs that could be implemented to achieve a reduction.
My project has two basic goals:
1. That the city council consider the adoption of a resolution that will directly
address the problem of greenhouse gasses on a global scale and pledge to do its
best to implement policies, programs and projects that will reduce Plymouth's
global impact, and
2. The creation of a list of potential policies, projects, and programs the city could
incorporate into its comprehensive plan and CIP.
At our meeting on June
24th, City Manager Ahrens mentioned two concerns that council
members relayed to her resulting from my first letter. They were: 1) concern over the
amount of staff time needed to assist me in this project and 2) the possibility that the
activities identified in the process of pursuing the fellowship project would supercede the
goals and priorities set by the Council.
I want to emphasize that the work in this project will predominantly be carried out by me.
I understand that the Council has identified its goals and priorities for 2005 at its
February 2005 special council meeting. I do not expect this project to change those goals
and priorities. Rather, this project would identify activities that could be considered for
prioritization at the council's next goals and priorities meeting in 2006. It may also
identify specific projects that the Council could incorporate into its 5 -year CIP.
Resolution
As I mentioned above, I hope to help Plymouth pass a resolution to reduce greenhouse
gasses. Plymouth has already taken many steps toward this end. Examples of these
greenhouse gas reducing actions the city has already taken include converting the city's
fleet to bio -diesel, purchasing a hybrid car, committing to exploring greater use of E-85
in fleet cars, and using green building products and technologies, such as high -efficiency
lights and a green roof, in the Public Safety building.
It is my understanding that many of the actions mentioned above were done to reduce
operating cost. This is a wonderful reason to continue taking these types of steps
precisely because it combines cost savings for the city with greater environmental
benefits experienced both locally and globally. I believe that the adoption of a resolution
will help to develop a cohesive strategy that incorporates those things the city has already
done and set policy for future council actions that will help to improve the environment.
Plymouth is already taking many steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and it would
be beneficial to view these actions in a way which could establish a more holistic
approach. I anticipate that this would be what the council would discuss and what I would
document through video taping.
List of Actions
The second outcome I hope to achieve for Plymouth is to create a list of policies,
projects, and programs the Council could incorporate into the City's Comprehensive Plan
and CIP. The list could include things like the incorporation of energy saving
improvements when City Hall is renovated, the use of bio -diesel in Plymouth Metro -link
busses, retrofitting streetlights and stoplights with high efficiency lights, increasing the
number of hybrid vehicles, incorporating green building strategies in future renovations
of city buildings and in its zoning and developments codes, and carbon sequestering in
composting.
The projects mentioned above are just an example of the kind of list that I will develop
for consideration by the City Council. It is my hope that at the Council's July 12`h
meeting they will authorize the EQC to review the information I develop, modify the
proposed policy and list of projects and programs, and recommend the modified policy
and list to the City council for their consideration and adoption.
Timeline
It is my hope that I will be able to get to the Council a suggested policy resolution and a
list of specific tasks for their discussion by mid to late Fall. I understand that the Council
may choose to not adopt a policy on reducing greenhouse gasses, but may choose to
incorporate specific activities into its Comprehensive Plan and CIP. I hope to get this
information to the Council so that they may include my research in the Comprehensive
Plan process and the development of the CIP.
Conclusion
As I mentioned, the most important aspeci'of this project is the process itself. Whatever
the outcome, the documentary will say something important,about how local
governments can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The,documentary:is not intended to villanize any parties involved in this process, but
rather will explore the conditions for success or failure in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions at a local 'level. My documentary will include a segment about all the
beneficial things Plymouth has already done, as well as a detailed and fair. explanation as
to why a resolution and specific strategies could or could not be adopted.
Ultimately, the Council should think of me as a resource for them. I am here to help
Plymouth reduce their costs both economically and environmentally. At the end of the
project the Council will receive a detailed list of possible actions to consider when
forming future policies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and costs. as well as a
copy of the documentary.
Plymouth has the opportunity to continue to be an environmental leader. I hope that the
Council will recommend that I work with the EQC and will give careful consideration to
the EQC's recommendations.
Thank you very much for you time and I look forward to working with you in the future.
Sincerely,
Karina Hill
EQC MEETING 12.14.05 DRAFT OF PACKET TO
EVENTUALLY GO TO THE CITY COUNCIL FOR
CONSIDERATION
Karina Hill
5425 Pineview Lane
Plymouth, MN 55442
Cell: 651-442-9533
karinahill@Mail.com
Dear Plymouth City Council Members:
As you may remember, I contacted you earlier this summer in regard to working on a
project to reduce greenhouse gasses in the City of Plymouth. After learning in my
environmental policy class about transgovernmental efforts to curb global warning, I
became fascinated by the ability of local governments to take on this challenge in the face
limited action at the federal level. I applied for a grant from Carleton College, where I am
currently a senior, and received a grant to work on a project I developed. This project is
to create a documentary film about my efforts to help a city pass a resolution to reduce its
greenhouse gas emissions. As a 20 year resident of Plymouth, I knew that Plymouth has
been extremely focused on bettering the environment. I decided that my own hometown
would be the perfect place to execute this project.
The following is a summary of my findings along with the resolution in which the EQC
and I endorse for adoption by the City Council.
Projects in Other Cities:
As I mentioned, there is currently a transgovernmental/global civil society effort to curb
greenhouse gasses. For example, 179 U.S. Mayors representing over 40 million
Americans have signed on to a resolution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their
town (for more information visit http://www.ci.scattle.wa.us/inayor/cliinate/).
Minneapolis, Duluth, Apple Valley, and Eden Prairie have all signed on to this pledge.
What follows is a short suimrnary of what is occurring with any resolutions related
directly to greenhouse gas reduction in these Minnesota Cities.
Minneapolis: The Minneapolis Mayor signed on to the Conference of Mayors
agreement. Minneapolis has passed even stronger policies that set targets for reduction.
In 1993 in conjunction with St. Paul they created a CO2 plan that pledged to reduce the
city's emissions by 20% by 2005 fiom a 1988 base year. They haven't achieved this goal
but are still working toward it. In addition to that, Minneapolis is also a member of
ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection Program, which means that the city is currently
working through a 5 step process to dramatically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
Duluth: In 2001 Duluth joined with ICLEI's Cities for Climate Change Protection. The
Energy Coordinator for the City explained that this membership has made it possible for
the Mayor to support the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Protection Agreement.
Apple Valley: The Mayor from Apple Valley has signed on to Mayors agreement. The
staff person with whom I spoke stated that he didn't know of any other existing policies
or resolutions that Apple Valley had passed regarding greenhouse gas emissions.
Eden Prairie: The Mayor from Eden Prairie signed onto the Mayor's agreement and in
our conversation she mentioned that staff -members within the city were very positive
about making a commitment to greenhouse gas emission reductions. The Mayor told me
that there were no formal resolutions addressing greenhouse gas reductions in the city of
Eden Prairie outside of the Mayors agreement. She stated that the city was working on
re-creating their EQC and that they were going to be working on energy policy issues.
Cities around the country are taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One -
hundred and fifty..seven municipal governments, including Duluth, Minneapolis, St. Paul,
Hennepin, and Ramsey Counties have signed up with the Intemational Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives' (ICLEI) Climate Protection Program. This program assists
local governments in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using a performance -oriented
five step approach. ICLEI's program and similar programs have advantages beyond
strictly envirommental benefits. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions, means cutting energy
usage, which means saving money. Many cities involved in this program are
economically disadvantaged and have joined this program in order to cut costs. (For more
information visit http://www.iclei.or /iigldex.php?id=1119).
For more information on what other cities around the country are doing, please see
Appendix pages 9-16.
Reducing Greenhouse Gasses in Plymouth
Plymouth has a tremendous opportunity to lead the way, once again, for Minlesota cities,
specifically leading similar sized suburbs to sign on to more formal resolutions dealing
with greenhouse gas emissions. Plymouth is already making efforts to reduce greenhouse
gasses, so signing on to a more formal resolution addressing greenhouse gas emissions
should be a logical next step. It is an excellent opportunity for Plymouth to reiterate its
commitment to Plymouth's longstanding belief that Environmental quality is integral to
quality of life. A formal commitment would also serve as a launching pad for taking the
positive steps Plymouth has already taken and addressing future prospects for cutting
greenhouse gas emissions in a more cohesive way.
It should be emphasized that cutting greenhouse emissions doesn't necessarily mean
spending extra money. In fact, a large portion of steps for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions actually end up being cost effective and often save money for the city in the
long -run. This is because cutting greenhouse gas emissions is closely related to cutting
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energy usage. I have selected two viable projects for Plymouth to undertake in the short
term and attempted to calculate the eventual cost savings for the city.
LED Stoplights
LED stoplights are 80-90% more effective than their traditional counterpart and they last
about 10 tunes longer. Though they cost more, the initial cost quickly turns into savings
for a city who converts to LED. This is not only because the lights are more efficient, but
they last longer -so less has to be spent each year on buying light bulbs, as well as
spending money on paying City workers to change those bulbs. The city of St. Paul has
saved about $170,000 in electrical costs per year on the LED conversion. Plymouth owns
12 stoplights (the rest are run through the county; two of these are pedestrian signals) and
5 of thein are already LED. Ross Beckwith, assistant city engineer, stated that on average
1,000 is spent each year on each traditional stoplight. If the other 5 lights are converted,
and the savings rates experienced in St. Paul are experienced in Plymouth, the City could
save about $3,900 dollars a year in electrical costs. St. Paul uses GE Gelcore LED lights:
http://w-ww.geconsuingoroducts.com/pressroom/`press releases/li,hting/gelcore/
Cool Roof
Most people realize that when you wear black on a hot summer's day, it's a lot harder to
keep cool. The swine is true for the roofs that buildings wear. However, if a roof is white
or lighter in color than the traditional black or dark gray roofs), it reflects the heat, thus
helping a building stay cooler naturally. This cuts down on the need to cool a building,
which therefore helps to reduce costs to cool a building. This type of roof has been
installed on the new Public Safety building, which has also implemented many other
green building techniques. I spoke with Marls Jones, Property Management Coordinator,
about city buildings that are slated to receive a new roof. He mentioned that Fire Station
3 was in need of one, so I entered the building's figures into an Energy Star calculator
which estimates the savings on cooling after installing a cool roof
http://roofcalc.cadmusdev.com/RoofCaIcBuildingInput.aspx). I estimated that on Fire
Station 3, Plymouth could save about $250 a year on cooling costs after installing a cool
roof. The cool roof is less subject roof degradation caused by heat, therefore prolonging
the life of the roof and thus saving on maintenance costs. Should the Fire station ever
need a new air conditioner, a cool roof decreases the need for a large expensive unit,
therefore also decreasing City costs. Traditional roofs are up to 100 degrees hotter than a
cool roof; such radiant heat increases smog in local areas. Cool roofs help to decrease this
smog. They also help to decrease the overall heat-island effect of any developed area.
Finally, because cool roofs reduce the need for energy, less greenhouse gasses are
emitted. Their installation process can be as simple as painting on a paint -like substance
to an existing roof.
The Resolution
The EQC and I have developed a resolution that we believe would be not only in the
environment's best interests, but Plymouth's as well. Many people may wonder why
3
Plymouth should involve itself in this global issue, especially when the federal
government has done little to curb its greenhouse gas emissions. The answer to this is
two -fold.
1. Each and everyperson is responsible for emitting a certain amount of gi:eenhouse
gasses, which contributes to global wanning. Each city also is responsible for
emitting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. The same goes for each nation.
Each level of actors must take responsibility for themselves regardless of what the
other actor is doing. This is a global problem and what one individual does can
positively affect what is going on around the world. The City of Plymouth
doesn't dump its pollution into the water systems, which affect not only its
citizens, but those outside the city as well. Why should it be any different for the
atmosphere? I would argue that this is an issue of personal responsibility. The
City should take responsibility for itself and encourages others to do the same.
2. The fact of the matter is that cutting greenhouse gas emissions is largely related to
cutting costs. Of course, I would hope that each level of actor would prioritize the
enviromnent over economic costs (within one's means, though), however, I
understand that this is not always a possibility. I aim proposing that Plymouth
investigate potential actions which will not only cut greenhouse gas emissions,
but also will be cost effective for the City. This resolution is not in any way
binding the City to make choices that put the Plymouth's economic stability at
risk. It is in Plymouth and the Earth's best interest to adopt this resolution.
With all of this in mind, please seriously consider adopting the following resolution.
When Plyimouth wins, we all win!
For Plymouth and For the Earth,
The Plymouth Environmental Quality Coimrnission
Karina Hill
E
Appendices
Pg. 8-9 Resolutions Glossary of Terns
Pg. 9-16 The EPA's explanation of actions taken (and potential actions) on a local level
Pg. 16-21 The EPA's explanation of Global Warning
5
Glossary of Terms:
Trans governmental/Global Civil Society: A viewpoint that believes that the nation-
state is not the only actor in international politics. Transgovermnentalism/Global Civil
Society views'lower levels of government as well as corporations and individuals as
important actors in international policy.
U.S. Conference of Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement: Seattle Mayor, Greg
Nickels developed a resolution in which 192 mayors have signed on to. The agreement is
a pledge that each Mayor's respective City will reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
More specifically it asks that each respective City:
Strive to meet or beat the Kyoto Protocol targets in their own communities,
through actions ranging from anti -sprawl land -use policies to urban forest
restoration projects to public information campaigns;
Urge their state governments, and the federal govermient, to enact policies and
programs to meet or beat the greenhouse gas emission reduction target suggested
for the United States in the Kyoto Protocol -- 7% reduction from 1990 levels by
2012; and
Urge the U.S. Congress to pass the bipartisan greenhouse gas reduction
legislation, which would establish a national emission trading system"
Source: http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/mgyor/climate/
Climate Protection Program: The International Council for Local Enviromnental
Initiatives (ICLEI) developed the Climate Protection Program (CCP) in order to aid cities
in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. It is a fee-for-service program where experts .
from ICLEI guide a city through a 5 milestone process, which includes creating an
emission inventory, setting a reduction target, developing a local action plan,
implementing policies and measures, and monitoring and verifying results. 157 U.S.
municipalities"have signed up for this program including Duluth, Minneapolis, St. Paul,
Hennepin, and Ramsey counties. Participating Cities not only join this campaign for
environmental benefits, but for cost-saving benefits as well. Many econorriically
disadvantaged cities have joined as a way to cut operating costs and to save money for
programs and other city services.
Source: hgp://www.iclei.ore/index.php?id=1119
Xcel's Windsource Program: Xcel energy is one of the nation's leading suppliers of
wind energy, providing its customers with a choice to use an alternative power source.
Purchasing renewable energy helps to further support its development, and reduces our
use of fossil fuels which result in the greenhouse gasses that contribute to global
warming.
Source: http://www.xcelenergy.com/XLWEB/CDA/0,3080,1-1-1 11824 18161 13852-
866-2 68 133-0.00.1itinl
6
Energy Star: Energy Star is a government supported program which helps consumers
identify technology that is the most energy efficient. It is a labeling system which clearly
identifies those products which offer superior efficiency. In 2004, the power saved
through Energy Star Products was enough to power 24 million homes and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions equal to 20 million cars' emissions. The energy efficient
products helped to save about 10 billion dollars, as well.
Source: http://www.energystar.g_ov/index.cfin?c=about.ab index
LEED System: The U.S. Green building Council (USGBC) has- developed a green rating
system, known as the Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). The LEED
system was used as a guide for developing the new Public Safety building. According the
USGBC the LEED system was developed to:
Define "green building" by establishing a common standard of measurement
Promote integrated, whole -building design practices
Recognize environmental leadership in the building industry
Stimulate green competition
Raise consumer awareness of green building benefits
Transform the building market"
Source: http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19
From the EPA's Global Warming Visiting Center:
h V://yosemite epa ovg /oar/globalwalining;.nsf/content/VisitorCenterPublicOfficialsCour
se.lhtrnl
A Course of Action for State and. Focal
Governments
The State & Local Role I Potential Benefits I A Course of Action
There are several steps that states and localities take when preparing to act on climate
change. They can start by establishing a task force or advisory group to guide the process
of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Govermnent agencies, the private sector, local
nongovernmental organizations, and others should be involved.
Then they can conduct outreach efforts, including educating the public and working with
the private sector to determine possible voluntary actions that they can take. State and
local governments also can do outreach to specific groups that might be especially
vulnerable to the risks of climate change or have a particular interest in the issue.
7
They can develop an inventory of their sources and sinks of greenhouse.,gas emissions.
The inventory provides a baseline to measure future changes in their emissions and is a
criticaLstep toward developing comprehensive climate change policies and strategies.
State inventories also help states identify the most effective opportunities to reduce
emissions. The U.S. inventory can provide insight into the sources of emissions.
The next step is developing a climate change action plan. Action Plans lay out the
institutional and policy structure, including specific policy proposals or planning
processes, for developing and implementing the plan.
After that, states can initiate specific actions —enacting legislation, passing regulations, or
setting up demonstration programs. The measures they implement can include the
voluntary Federal programs to.reduce emissions and costs.
Finally, state and local governments can take a leadership role by snaking improvements
in govenunent operations (see Sn7art Savings: Climate Solutions For Cities). They can
make wastewater treatment plants more energy efficient, gradually convert government
fleets to alternative fuel vehicles, retrofit govermnent buildings for energy efficiency, and
convert lighting in those buildings to energy-efficient bulbs. State and Local Greenhouse
Gas Mitigation Case Studies demonstrate the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of a
variety of methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the Center for
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology also has a large collection of State and
Local Greenhouse Gas. Reduction Case Studies
State and Local Actions to Address Climate Change
Summary
35 states and territories have initiated and 34 have completed state greenhouse gas
emission inventories. h1 addition, 26 states and territories have initiated and 17
have completed greenhouse gas emission reduction strategies. Five of the state
plans alone have identified strategies that could collectively reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by 34 MMTCE, or 2 percent of U.S. 2010 emissions, while saving
over $600 million per year.
30 demonstration and education projects have also been launched, testing
mitigation policies identified by states and localities. Many states followed the
process outlined above.
In addition, 68 cities and counties, representing 25 million people and 8 percent of
U.S. GHGs, have begun developing inventories and implementing plans, some
already reducing over one million tons of carbon -equivalent each year. For more
information, see the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives'
Cities for Climate Protection Campaign
Examples of State Activities
In an Executive Order, New Jersey's Environmental Commissioner set a target for
the N.J. Greenliouse Gas Emission Reduction Plan to reduce emissions to 3.5
percent below 1990 levels by 2005. The plan will outline policies to help achieve
the goal.
The Land and Water Fund of Colorado is promoting the purchase of wind -
generated electricity in Colorado. The project has been so successful that demand
far exceeds supply and the utility in the area, Public Service of Colorado, will
build new wind -powered plants to satisfy public support.
Utah partnered with U.S. EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy for the
conversion of the Dangling Rope Marina in the Glen Canyon National Recreation
Area from diesel electricity to photovoltaic panels. The conversion reduced the
Marina's emissions by 486 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 27,000 pounds of
nitrogen dioxide, and 5,183 pounds of carbon monoxide per year. The $1.5
million project will pay for itself through projected lifetime cost savings of more
than $2.3 million.
Wisconsin is promoting the conversion of electric to natural gas water heaters.
The state has set a goal of converting 625 hot water heaters, which will save the
average homeowner more than $150 per year and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from coal-fired utilities.
Oregon initiated its first telecommuting project in 1991. Now, 7 to 8 percent of
the workforce statewide is telecommuting, and Oregon has passed a law requiring
every state agency to initiate a telecommuting program. This is significant
because 40 percent of all energy used in Oregon is related to transportation, and
25 percent of all transportation energy comes from commuters.
Wisconsin developed an elaborate cost reduction strategy and went on to conduct
an economic assessment of mitigation options. The state discovered that it could
stabilize emissions at 1990 levels by 2010 for less than $15 per ton CO2, while
saving up to $2.7 billion in energy and operating costs, and creating more than
7,000 jobs.
Wisconsin also developed a creative education and outreach program that
emphasizes energy efficiency. The program featured a contest for schoolchildren
to design bookmarks underscoring the importance of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
New Hampshire is working with the University of New Hampshire to develop a
climate change curriculum for middle and high school teachers.
9
Vermont incorporated the Vermont. Greenhouse Gas Action Plan -into the.;state's
energy plan. The report identifies policy options that could reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 21 percent, increase employment by 1 percent, reduce energy costs
by $6.2 billion,.reduce acid rain :precursors by 24 percent and ground level ozone
precursors by 30 percent, and'reduce_energy use by 16 percent by 202.0.
Washington developed a greenhouse gas emission reduction study and identified
options that could stabilize. emissions at j 990 levels by 2010 at a cost of less than
5 per ton of CO2.
Examples of Local Activities
With U.S. EPA holding, the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives'
Cities for Climate Protection CarnpaiQm FlAJ il.iz lainuci<r assisted 68 U.S. cities and counties
to reduce emissions by 5.4 million tons. of CO2 equivalent. Other benefits fiom these
actions include saving $25.7 million in energy and fuel costs and preventing the release
of 7,000 tons of criteria air pollutants.
Burlington, Vermont's Electric Department has used local contractors to install
more than 15,000 energy efficiency measures. Over the lifetime of the program,
300,000 tons of carbon dioxide will be reduced.
Aspen, Colorado's Community Office for Resource Efficiency sold and installed
five grid -connected photovoltaic systems ranging from 800 watts to 4.5 kilowatts.
Every kilowatt-hour of electricity produced by solar power keeps approximately 2
pounds of carbon dioxide from being emitted.
The State & Local Role I Potential Benefits I A Course of Action
Further examples of local action and potential action:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ActionsLocalSmartSavings.h
tml
Facilities and Infrastructure
Make Building Energy Improvements
Municipal buildings represent a substantial opportunity to achieve cost-effective
reductions in local greenhouse gas emissions. Taking this kind of initiative is a way for
city governments to lead by example. Municipal building retrofits in Chicago are
reducing CO2 emissions by 7,602 tons a year and saving the city budget almost $1
million annually. Likewise, Minneapolis' Public Housing Agency made efficiency
improvements that save $981,201 per year and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5,144
tons annually.
10
Replace Motors in City Operations With More Efficient Models
Energy-efficient motors can slash energy consumption, reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and other air pollution, and save money. Long Beach, California, improved the efficiency
of its recycling and solid waste -to -energy plant by installing variable frequency drives,
saving $329,508 per year in energy costs and reducing annual CO2 emissions by more
than three million pounds.
Buy ENERGY STAR" Equipment for Municipal. Offices
Copiers, fax machines, computers, scanners, exit signs, heating and cooling products,
windows, and other equipment with the ENERGY STAR" label save money while
reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollution. Portland,
Oregon, has written ENERGY STAR" office equipment into its standard specifications
for all city purchasing. The city operates more than 2,000 computers. Assuming that 30 to
40 percent of users leave their equipment rumiing 24 hours a day and on weekends,
Portland's energy savings from using ENERGY STAR" equipment could approach
35,000 per year.
Change Traffic Lights to Light -emitting Diode (LED) Fixtures
LEDs are 80-90 percent more efficient and last 10 times longer than ordinary lights,
reducing energy and maintenance costs. Saint Paul, Minnesota, is installing red LEDs and.
red arrows at more than 200 intersections citywide, for a projected annual savings of
more than $135,000 and 1,250 tons of CO2. When Denver has finished converting its
traffic signals to LEDs, it expects to save $357,000 annually in energy, labor, and
materials costs while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 8,894 tons per year.
Use Renewable Energy Systems to Improve Air Quality
Switching from fossil fuel -generated electricity to renewable -based power is an effective
way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollution. The City of Austin,
Texas, which has a municipal electric utility, plans to meet 50 percent of all new
electricity demand with renewable energy by 2010. Achieving this goal would reduce
CO2 emissions by 1.9 million tons per year.
Purchase Green Power to Improve Air Quality
In states where competitive electricity markets exist, utilities and other electricity retailers
may offer customers the option to purchase "green" renewable -generated power. Santa
Monica, California, has decided to purchase five megawatts of green electricity, enough
to power all its municipal facilities. The $2.3 million that the city spends annually for
electricity will now go to companies that contract directly with renewable generators.
11
Transportation
Redesign Communities to Encourage -Walking, Biking, and Mass Transit
Every gallon of gas burned by a vehicle releases 20 pounds of CO2 to the atmosphere,
and vehicles are major contributors to. urban air pollution. The City. of Xenia and Green
County, Ohio, converted 60 miles of former railway corridors and a railroad depot into all
alternative transportation center. The center includes bike and pedestrian :trails; parking
facilities, and a community building: By the -end of 1997, more than 300,000 people had
used the trails to go to work, school, and other destinations.
Provide Incentives for Mass Transit Or Carpooling
City governments can implement market measures to influence automobile use. West
Hollywood, California, has a parking cash -out program in which city hall employees
receive cash incentives of up to $65 per month to leave their cars at home and use
alternative methods to commute to work.
Foster Telecomm unitng And Similar Trip Reduction Programs
Working at home or at a telecommuting center reduces vehicle miles traveled. The San
Francisco -San Mateo Videoconferencing/Trip Reduction Project uses videoconferencing
technology to allow attorneys with San Francisco's Public Defender Office toconduct
interviews with immates at two county jail facilities in San Bruno, California. The
program has eliminated the need for a 40 -mile round-trip between facilities and reduced
annual vehicle miles traveled by 600,000 and annual CO2 emissions by 351 tons.
Convert Fleets To Run OnAlternative Fuels
Using vehicles that run on fuels such as compressed gas, ethanol, methanol, biodiesel,
hydrogen, and electricity can improve urban air quality and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. The City of Chattanooga, Tennessee, provides clean, quiet, convenient, and
free electric bus service within the downtown area. The shuttle system avoids 3.5 million
pounds per year of CO2 emissions, and related retail development is projected to reach
12 million, generating $800,000 in city and county revenue.
Put Police On Bicycles
Many municipal police departments have cut the number of vehicles in their fleet by
instituting "Cops on Bikes" programs. These initiatives save vehicle, fuel, and
maintenance costs, and typically improve the departments' ability to serve and protect
citizens. Dayton, Ohio's program saves $27,000 per year in reduced fuel and maintenance
costs, and reduces CO2 emissions from police transportation by 7.5 tons per year.
12
Initiate "Pay -As -Your -Throw" Waste Disposal Programs
Charging residents for the collection of household trash based on the amount they throw
away creates a direct economic incentive to recycle more and generate less waste.
Reducing the amount of trash sent to landfills can lower methane emissions. From 1990
to 1995, Mount Vernon, Iowa's Pay As You Throw program cut the amount of trash sent
to the landfill by 40 percent, almost doubled the recycling rate, and virtually eliminated
disposal of yard waste.
Implement Curbside Recycling
Recycling can save energy by reducing the fossil fuels needed to extract and manufacture
new products and, in the case of paper products, increase carbon sequestered in forests.
Recycling also diverts paper, cardboard, and other organic materials from landfills, where
they would otherwise decompose and produce methane. In Hillsborough County, Florida,
nearly 800,000 tons of CO2 equivalent are avoided each year through the county's
comprehensive waste reduction, recycling, and composting programs.
Recycle Office Paper And Reduce Landfill Costs
Recycling reduces the energy and materials needed to produce new paper. Methane
emissions also are decreased by diverting paper from landfills. In 1998, the town of
Littleton, New Hampshire, recycled 68 tons of mixed office paper. If the town had
thrown that paper away, disposal and trucking fees would have run $3,876. Littleton's
cost for recycling, including all operating and shipping expenses, was $1,020. The town
sold the paper for $5,950 to a company in Quebec that manufactures toilet tissue and
paper towels. This is the high end. More typical recompense for mixed paper is $10 per
ton.
Buy Products Made From Recycled Materials
Recycled products typically require less energy to produce than new products, and many
recycled products cost less than new ones. Items such as recycled plastic lumber also may
reduce the user's installation and maintenance costs. 111998, Metropolitan King County,
Washington, saved an estimated $600,000 by purchasing recycled materials such as toner
cartridges ($300,000 savings), retreaded tires ($77,000 savings), and shredded wood -
waste for temporary road surfaces, landscaping, and erosion control ($65,000 savings).
Establish Composting Programs
Composting organic wastes reduces methane emissions and diverts waste from landfills.
Under Albuquerque's Green Waste Composting Program, yard and stable waste and
stable bedding are composted. The end product is marketed to the community through a
local garden center. The program diverts 9,570 tons of waste from the landfill and
reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 4,626 tons of CO2 equivalent per year.
13
Capture Methane From Landfills -
Decomposing trash in landfills produces landfill gas, which is about 50 percent methane,
a powerful greenhouse gas. Methane also can be a reliable fuel. Prince George's County,
Maryland, installed a methane recovery system at a landfill and uses the methane to
provide heat, hot water, and electricity to a nearby correctional facility. The county sells
the leftover landfill methane, a renewable energy source, to a utility company. Annual
energy revenues are nearly $1.3 million, and methane emissions have been reduced by
45,000 tons -a greenhouse gas reduction equivalent to that achieved by planting almost
83,000 acres of trees.
Planning and Urban Environm,,ent
Integrate Smart Growth Planning
Smart Growth is metropolitan development that pays for itself while protecting air and
water quality, encouraging redevelopment of former industrial sites (brownfields), and
promoting community economic vitality and livability. Portland, Oregon, practices Smart
Growth by increasing the use of land within its Urban Growth Boundary and
redeveloping brownfields. One of these redevelopment projects is expected to create
5,700 jobs near an economically depressed area that the city has targeted for economic
revitalization.
Plant Trees To Keep Building And Streets Cooler To Improve Air Quality,
Lower Air-conditioning Loads, And Save Money
Trees provide shade for buildings and streets, reducing the amount of energy needed to
cool buildings. In the Miami Lakes neighborhood of Miami, the city planted 88 trees
scattered among 14 homes. Each homeowner has saved $20 per year in energy costs, and
the project reduced the neighborhood's annual energy-related CO2 emissions by 42 tons
while storing 0.33 tons of carbon per year in the growing trees.
Use Highly Reflective Surfacing And Roofing Materials
Highly reflective roofs and pavements can help snake cities cooler, reduce the fon-nation
of smog (which is dependent on air temperature), reduce air-conditioning loads, and save
money. Highly reflective roofs and surfaces can reduce home or building owners' air-
conditioning bills by 10 to 50 percent. Frederick, Maryland, saves an estimated $1
million annually in cooling costs from its existing highly reflective roofs and tree
plantings, and has identified additional projects that could triple the savings.
14
About Global WarminL From the EPA:
http://yosemite.epa.aov/oar/globalwarmina.nsf/content/climate.html
Climate
The GreenliDuse Effect.
6
by
Some af•the lntraaed radlatlon: passes
through the atnmsptaere; and; same is
obsod7 and re-em*A in all
dimtIms: hygreenhmse gas
nm6wles. The efFed oftlUs is to %warm
the earttv`ssurfa.-aand the.1 +r+er
ebnosphere. A,
An Introduction
According to the National Academy
of Sciences, the Earth's surface
temperature has risen by about 1
degree Fahrenheit in the past
century, with accelerated warning
during the past two decades. There
is new and stronger evidence that
most of the wanning over the last 50
years is attributable to human
activities. Human activities have
altered the chemical composition of
the atmospherethrough the buildup of greenhouse gases — primarily carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat -trapping property of these gases is
undisputed although uncertainties exist about exactly how earth's climate responds
to them. Go to the Emissions section for much more on greenhouse gases.
Our Changing Atmosphere
Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate, and heats the earth's
surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse
gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing
energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse.
Without this natural "greenhouse effect," temperatures would be much lower than
they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. histead, thanks to
greenhouse gases, the earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 607.
However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse
gases increases.
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than
doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These
increases have enhanced the heat -trapping capability of the earth's atmosphere.
Sulfate aerosols, a common air pollutant, cool the atmosphere by reflecting light
back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in the atmosphere and vary
regionally.
Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists generally believe
that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary
15
kl.
3otne smear radtatlsar<
is rdeahad by the
earl!'! and the
7OW atrnssphere
rntllaU
M"
tnmgn
actnac,i41
by
Some af•the lntraaed radlatlon: passes
through the atnmsptaere; and; same is
obsod7 and re-em*A in all
dimtIms: hygreenhmse gas
nm6wles. The efFed oftlUs is to %warm
the earttv`ssurfa.-aand the.1 +r+er
ebnosphere. A,
An Introduction
According to the National Academy
of Sciences, the Earth's surface
temperature has risen by about 1
degree Fahrenheit in the past
century, with accelerated warning
during the past two decades. There
is new and stronger evidence that
most of the wanning over the last 50
years is attributable to human
activities. Human activities have
altered the chemical composition of
the atmospherethrough the buildup of greenhouse gases — primarily carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat -trapping property of these gases is
undisputed although uncertainties exist about exactly how earth's climate responds
to them. Go to the Emissions section for much more on greenhouse gases.
Our Changing Atmosphere
Energy from the sun drives the earth's weather and climate, and heats the earth's
surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse
gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing
energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse.
Without this natural "greenhouse effect," temperatures would be much lower than
they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. histead, thanks to
greenhouse gases, the earth's average temperature is a more hospitable 607.
However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse
gases increases.
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than
doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These
increases have enhanced the heat -trapping capability of the earth's atmosphere.
Sulfate aerosols, a common air pollutant, cool the atmosphere by reflecting light
back into space; however, sulfates are short-lived in the atmosphere and vary
regionally.
Why are greenhouse gas concentrations increasing? Scientists generally believe
that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary
15
reason -for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the
decomposition of organic matter release --more than 10 times the CO2 released by
human activities; but;these releases have generally been in .balance during the
centuries leading up to the industrial revolution with carbon dioxide, absorbed by
terrestrial vegetation and the oceans.
What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon
dioxide by human activities. Fossil fuelsburned to run cars and trucks,.heat homes
and businesses,'and power factories are responsible for about 98% of U.S.. carbon
dioxide emissions, 24% of methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions.
Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining
also contribute a significant share of emissions. In 1997, the United States emitted
about one-fifth of total global greenhouse gases.
Estimating future emissions is difficult, because it depends on demographic,
economic, technological, policy, and institutional developments. Several emissions
scenarios have been developed based on.differing projections of these underlying
factors. For exampleby 2100, in the absence of emissions control policies, carbon
dioxide concentrations are projected to be 30-150% higher than today's levels.
Changing Climate
Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th
century. The 20th century's 10 warmest years all occurred in the last 15 years of the
century. Of these, 1998 was the warmest year on record. The snow cover in the
Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased.
Globally, sea level has risen 4-8 inches over the past century. Worldwide
precipitation over land has increased by about one percent. The frequency of
extreme rainfall events has increased throughout much of the United States.
Global T emperelium Changes .(4E00=31904)
1.2
1
G
o;a
y HA0.4 AV/' • I
9,5 =...__ .._.._ ..._.. .
U
118M 1890 1900 1910 MD 1930 "1940 -1950 195D 1970 190D 1990 2000
Year
yorw: U.S. NeGonal Climelic Class Center, 2001
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate the rate of
16
climate change. Scientists expect that the average global surface temperature could
rise 1-4.57 (0.6-2.5°C) in the next fifty years, and 2.2-107 (1.4-5.8°C) in the next
century, with significant regional variation. Evaporation will increase as the climate
wanes, which will increase average global precipitation. Soil moisture is likely to
decline in many regions, and intense rainstorms are likely to become more
frequent. Sea level is likely to rise two feet along most of the U.S. coast.
Calculations of climate change for specific areas are much less reliable than global
ones, and it is unclear whether regional climate will become more variable.
Emissions
Once, all climate changes occurred naturally. However, during the Industrial
Revolution, we began altering our climate and environment through changing
agricultural and industrial practices. Before the Industrial Revolution, human
activity released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now through population
growth, fossil fuel burning, and deforestation, we are affecting the mixture of gases
in the atmosphere.
What Are Greenhouse Gases?
Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the. atmosphere, while others result from
human activities. Naturally occuring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Certain human activities, however, add
to the levels of most of these naturally occurring gases:
Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere when solid waste, fossil fuels (oil,
natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products are bunged.
Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
Methane emissions also result from the decomposition of organic wastes in
municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock. More information on
methane.
Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as
during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.
Very powerful greenhouse gases that are not naturally occurring include
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), pe fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride
SF6), which are generated in a variety of industrial processes.
17
Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability to absorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs
and PFCs are the most heat -absorbent. Methane traps over 21 times more heat per,
molecule than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270 tunes more heat per
molecule than carbon dioxide. Often, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are
presented in units of millions of metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE)
which weights each gas by its GWP value,: or Global Wanning Potential For more
on greenhouse -gases and global warning potential, see:
Treenl,nuse Gases and Global Wanmina Potential. Values` t' '' from the
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000 (73.6
KB), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric
Programs, April 2002. This excerpt describes the characteristics of each of
the various greenhouse gases and discusses the concept of Global Warning
Potential (GWP) values. Both direct and indirect greenhouse gases are
addressed. A detailed comparison of GWP values fiom the IPCCSs Second
Assessment Report (SAR) and Third Assessment Report (TAR) is also
made, including the effect of a change in GWP values on U.S. greenhouse
gas emission trends. Overall, revisions to GWP values do not have a
significant effect on U.S. emission trends.
What Are Emissions Inventories?
An emission inventory is an accounting of the amount of air pollutants discharged
into the atmosphere. It is generally
characterized by the following factors:
the chemical or physical identity of the pollutants included,
the geographic area covered,
the institutional entities covered,
the time period. over which emissions are estimated, and
the types of activities that cause emissions.
Emission inventories are developed for a variety of purposes. Inventories of natural
and anthropogenic emissions are used by scientists as inputs to air quality models,
by policy makers to develop strategies and policies or track progress of standards,
and by facilities and regulatory agencies to establish compliance records with
allowable emission rates. A well constructed inventory should include enough
documentation and other data to allow readers to understand the underlying
assumptions and to reconstruct the calculations for each of the estimates included.
For an overview of the U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory, see the following brochure:
In Brief -- The U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory (PDF, 8 pp., 1.2 MB).
18
Impacts
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level,
and change precipitation and other local climate
conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests,
crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human
health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts
may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some
of our National Parks may be permanently altered.
Most of the United States is expected to warn, although sulfates may limit
wanning in some areas. Scientists currently are unable to determine which parts of
the United States will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall
trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and
drier soils.
Unfortunately, many of the potentially most important impacts depend upon
whether rainfall increases or decreases, which can not be reliably projected for
specific areas.
0:\Engineering\WTRQLTY\1\4EMOS\2006\Karina's Packet for Council 2 28 06 revised 1 03.doc
19
CITY OF PLYMOUTH
RESOLUTION N.O. 2006 ,
APPROVING REVISIONS TO THE
PLYMOUTH'S GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION RESOLUTION
WHEREAS Plymouth has always placed a high priority on the environment. This prioritization is
exhibited through its first-rate commitment to:
creating parks which increase public access and enjoyment of nature;
creating an extensive system of trails and sidewalks which allow people to ,travel without
the use of a car;
a water management plan which strives toward building a healthier environment;
thorough environmental considerations for new development including instituting
aggressive regulations for protecting trees and water;
instituting anti -erosion policies and requiring wetland buffer zones;
encouraging native plantings, healthy wetlands, and tree preservation, and providing
incentives for many of these types of efforts;
banning phosphorous fertilizers;
preserving natural areas for their enviromnental importance to Plyinouth, its citizens, and
the greater world.
WHEREAS, Plymouth has taken these steps because the City believes that protecting the environment
is an integral part of providing the high quality of life which Plymouth provides to its citizens.
WHEREAS the Inter -Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of the international
communities' respected scientists, states that global warning is largely the effect of human activities
and affects natural systems throughout the world.
WHEREAS the City of Plymouth, MN has always been a leader in adoption of environmental
protection laws and practices, including existing practices that help to reduce the greenhouse gasses.
These actions that Plymouth has already taken include the use of bio -diesel and hybrid technology in
city fleets, implementing green building techniques, preservation of green -spaces, and the creation of
extensive trails and sidewalks.
WHEREAS these efforts are of a non-partisan nature and result in a higher quality of living for citizens
through reduced energy bills, preservation of local forests, wetlands, and other habitats, increased air
and water quality, reduced traffic, and better transportation options.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT HEREBY RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
PLYMOUTH, MINNESOTA: that the City of Plymouth joins the efforts at the local level to address
the issue of climate change, which includes 179 U.S. mayors, representing 40 million Americans, whc
have pledged to reduce their cities' greenhouse gas emissions, and 157 U.S. municipal governments
that have joined the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) Plan to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that because Plymouth firmly believes in environmental quality as a
necessity to providing a high quality of life to its citizens, the City Council of Plymouth, Minnesota
0.\Engineering\VJ71LQLTT11Resohgreenhouse gazes reductions.doc
Page 2
will endeavor to the extent practical to reduce Plymouth's greenhouse gas emissions in its
governmental operations and buildings and encourage its citizens to take steps to reduce their own
greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies to achieve this end are as follows:
Continue adopt and enforce land -use policies that reduce sprawl, preserve open space,
and create walkable communities;
Continue to promote transportation options such as bicycle trails, commute trip
reduction programs, incentives for car pooling and public transit;
Increase the use of clean, alternative energy through the purchasing of renewable
energy through Xcel's Windsource program;
Make energy efficiency a priority through building code improvements, gradually
retrofit city facilities with energy efficient lighting and urge employees to conserve
energy by shutting of computers at night and turning the lights off when no one is
present;
Purchase Energy Star equipment and appliances for City use;
Continue to practice and promote sustainable building practices using the U.S. Green
Building Council's LEED program or a similar system;
Continue to gradually increase the average fuel efficiency of municipal fleet vehicles;
reduce the number of vehicles; convert diesel vehicles to bio -diesel; launch an
employee education prograin including anti -idling messages;
Evaluate opportunities to increase pump efficiency in water and wastewater systems;
Increase recycling rates in City operations and in the residential community;
Maintain healthy forests; promote tree planting to increase shading and to absorb CO2;
and
Help educate the public, schools, other jurisdictions, professional associations, business
and industry about reducing global warming pollution. Strategies for this might
include:
Stickers to demonstrate participation in personal greenhouse gas
reductions.
Tree planting and/or native habitat planting in each yards.
Encourage citizens to buy appliances with the best energy star ratings.
Encourage citizens to find alternatives to gas powered lawn mowers, such
as electric mowers and push mowers.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City Council directs the staff in cooperation with Plymouth
Enviromnental Quality Committee to arulually investigate the feasibility of adopting one or more of
these strategies or other appropriate strategies, on the basis that such strategies will not only reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, but also will be cost-effective measures. The resulting recommendation for
cutting greenhouse gas emissions will then be included in the EQC's Annual Plan.
Adopted by the City Council on February 28, 2006.
0:1Engineering\N?RQLTY\Resolkgreenhouse gases reduclionsaoc
Agenda Number:
TO: Mayor and City Council
FROM: Laurie Ahrens, City Manager
SUBJECT: Set Future Study Sessions
DATE: June 6, 2006, for City Council meeting of June 13, 2006
1. ACTION REQUESTED: Review the pending study session topics list, set study sessions
and amend the topics list if desired.
2. BACKGROUND: Attached is the list of pending study session topics, as well as calendars
to assist in scheduling.
Pending Study Session Topics
at least 3 Council members have approved the following study items on the list)
Other requests for study session topics:
Update with City Manager (summer)
Dial -a -Ride Service (report coming on July 25 regular meeting)
NIMS 100 Emergency Management training session — schedule
evening training
OFFICIAL CITY MEETINGS
June 2006
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3
May 2006 Jul 2006
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
1
8:00AM -4:30 PM CIN
HALL CUSTOMER
APPRECIATION DAYS,
8:00 AM -0:30 PM CITY
HALL CUSTOMER
APPRECIATION DAYS,
10:00 AM -2:00 PM
POLICE AND FIRE
1 2 3 4 5 6 City Hali Public Spaces City Hall Public Spaces DEPARTMENT
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 GUIDED TOURS
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
7:00 PM HUMAN
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 RIGHTS
28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 COMMISSION
30 31
Parkers Lake
Room
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room A
7:00 PM
PLANNING
7:00 PM PARK &
REC ADVISORY
COMMISSION, COMMISSION
Council Chambers PRAC), Council
Chambers
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
5:30 PM SPECIAL
COUNCIL MEETING:
DISCUSS GREENHOUSEgUALITY
GAS PROJECT; Medicine
lake Rooms A a S
7:00 PM
ENVIRONMENTAL
COMMITTEE
EQC), Council
7:00 PM HOUSING &
REDEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY(HRA),
Medicine Lake Room A
Chambers
700 PM REGULAR Flag Day
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Chambers
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
7:00 PM 9:15 AM MUSIC
PLANNING IN PLYMOUTH
COMMISSION, 5k RUN
Council Chambers
25 26 27 28 29 30
7:00 PM PLYMOUTH11:45 AM PLYMOUTH
BUSINESS COUNCIL, 11701
RMpodals DHn. MinnMonko ADVISORY
COMMITTEE ON
6:00 PM SPECIAL COUNCIL TRANSIT (PACT),
MEETING:DISCUSS AUDIT
REPORT: Medidns lake Rooms
ASS
Medicine Lake Room A
7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL
MEETING, Couedl Cnnmbon
modified on 6/6/2006
OFFICIAL CITY MEETINGS
July 2006
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Aug 2006
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
1Jun2006
S M T W T F S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
2 3
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Lake Room A
4
INDEPENDENCE
DAYMedicine
5
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
Council Chambers
6
5:15 PM MUSIC IN
PLYMOUTH, Hilde
Performance Center
7 8
9 10 11
7:00 PM REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Chambers
12
7:00 PM
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY COMMITTEE
council
Chambers
13
7:00 PM PARK 8
REC ADVISORY
COMMISSION
PRAC), Council
Chambers
14 1.5
16 17
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room
18 19
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
Council Chambers
20
7:00 PM HOUSING &
REDEVELOPMENT
MedicineAUTHOLake (HRA),
21 22
23 24 25
11:45 AM PLYMOUTH
BUSINESS COUNCIL,
12201 Ridgedale Drim ,
Minnetonka
7:00 PM REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Chambers
26
7:00 PM PLYMOUTH
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE ON
TRANSIT (PACT) ,
Medicine Lake Room A
27 28 29
30 31
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room A
modified on 6/6/2006
OFFICIAL CITY MEETINGS
August 2006
Sunday I Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Ju12006
S M T W T F S
1
5:30 PM
NATIONAL NIGHT
OUT
2
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
3 4 5
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Council Chambers
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
7:00 PM REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Ch. berg
7:00 PM
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY COMMITTEE
EOC), Council
Chambers
7:00 PM PARK &
RECADVISORY
COMMISSION
PRAC), Council
Chambers
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
Council Chambers
7:00 PM HOUSING &
REDEVELOPMENT
Medicine
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
71:45 AM PLYMOUTH
BUSINESS COUNCIL,
12201 Ridaedala Dr'rva,
Mi—t.'
7:00 PM PLYMOUTH
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE ON
TRANSIT (PACT).
Medicine Lake Room A
S:oo PM SPECIAL
COUNCIL MEETING:
BUDGET STUDY
SESSION, Medicine Lake
Roams A& B
7A0 PM REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Colinl Chambers
27 28
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room A
29
6:00 PM SPECIAL
COUNCIL MEETING:
BUDGET STUDY
SESSION, Public Safety
Training Room
30 31
Sep 2006
S M T W T F S
1 Z
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c TY couNCIL
CIODD OPENSPENSFILINGPERPERO
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
modified on 6/6/2006
OFFICIAL CITY MEETINGS
September 2006
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Aug 2006 Oct 2006
1 2
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
LABOR DAY - City
D(fCBs Closed 7:00 PM SPECIAL CITYNG: CBUDGIET STUDY
SESSION (IF NEEDED),
Medicine Lake Rooms A
8,B
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
Council Chambers
7:00 PM HUMAN
RIGHTS
COMMISSION
Parkers Lake
Room
9:00 AM -3:00 PM CITY
CES OPEN FOROFFSTENTEVOTINGA
9:00 AM -3:30 PM
PLYMOUTH CLEAN-UP
DAY, Public Works
Maintenance Facility
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room A
CITYOFFICES OPEN
UNTIL 7:00 PM FOR
ABSENTEE VOTING
5:00 PM CITY
COUNCIL CANDIDATE
FILINGS CLOSE
8:00 P.M. REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Chambers
7:00 PM
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY COMMITTEE
Enc), Council
Chambers
5:00 PM DEADLINE
FOR C_ COUNCIL
CANDIDATES TO
WrrHDRAw
7:00 PM PARK &
REC ADVISORY
COMMISSION
Autumn Art Fair
10:00 AM - 5:00
PM and Plymouth
on Parade 1:00 PM
STATEPRIMARY
ELECTION; Polls open
7:00 A.M. - 8:00 P.M.
PRAC), Council
Chambers
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
7:00 PM
PLANNING
COMMISSION,
Council Chambers
7:00 PM HOUSINGS
REDEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY (HRA),
Medicine Lake Room A
ROSH
HASHANAH
BEGINS AT
SUNSET
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
7:00 PM YOUTH
ADVISORY COUNCIL,
Medicine Lake Room A
11:45 AM PLYMOUTH
BUSINESS COUNCIL,
12201 Ridgedale Drive,
Minnetonka
7:00 PM PLYMOUTH
ADVISORYCOMMffTEEON
TRANSIT (PACT) ,
Medicine Lake Room A
7:00 PM REGULAR
COUNCIL MEETING,
Council Chambers
modified on 6/6/2006