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City Council Packet 01-12-2021 Special
City Council 1 of 1 January 12, 2021 CITY OF PLYMOUTH AGENDA Special City Council January 12, 2021, 5:00 PM 1. CALL TO ORDER 1.1 Instructions to participate in the Virtual Council Meeting 2. TOPICS 2.1 Regulation of Chickens (2019041) Background Report Summary table of regulations of the listed cities Homeowners Associations Location Map CDC report on Outbreaks of Salmonella U of M Brief on Backyard Poultry Illegal Fowl: A Survey of Municipal Laws 2.2 Regulation of Bees (2019060) Background Report Homeowners Associations Location Map Honeybee Operations in Selected Cities Table University of Minnesota City Beekeeping Ordinances Research Paper on Bees 2.3 Set future Study Sessions January February March April 3. ADJOURN 1 Special City Council January 12, 2021 Agenda Number:1.1 To:Dave Callister, City Manager Prepared by:Sandy Engdahl, City Clerk Reviewed by:Laurie Hokkanen, Administrative Services Director Item:Instructions to participate in the Virtual Council Meeting 1. Action Requested: The Mayor provides instructions for the public to observe the meeting by phone or online. 2. Background: Council meetings will be conducted virtually (via Zoom webinar/conference call) due to the state of local emergency for the COVID 19 pandemic. To observe/listen to the meeting, please register in advance at: https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_QMfzvogFR3yilxMg9N0DLA No public comments are taken at study sessions. Comments can be emailed to the Mayor and City Council at council@plymouthmn.gov or to the City Manager at dcallister@plymouthmn.gov. Contact City Clerk Sandy Engdahl at sengdahl@plymouthmn.gov with additional questions. 3. Budget Impact: N/A 4. Attachments: 2 Special City Council January 12, 2021 Agenda Number:2.1 To:Dave Callister, City Manager Prepared by:Lori Sommers, Senior Planner Reviewed by:Steve Juetten, Community Development Director Item:Regulation of Chickens (2019041) 1. Action Requested: Review and provide direction to staff as to the standards/requirements that should be incorporated into an ordinance to allow chickens in the City (2019041). 2. Background: See attached background report with attachments. 3. Budget Impact: N/A 4. Attachments: Background Report Summary table of regulations of the listed cities Homeowners Associations Location Map CDC report on Outbreaks of Salmonella U of M Brief on Backyard Poultry Illegal Fowl: A Survey of Municipal Laws 3 BACKGROUND On September 8, 2020, Council conducted a study session on the regulations of chickens and bees. In response to an increased interest in suburban raising of chickens, as with bees, the City is reviewing the possibility of allowing residents to enjoy this hobby and educational experience on their property. Chickens are currently regulated by the zoning ordinance as farm animals and are only allowed in the Future Restricted Development (FRD) zoning district. Many nearby communities have adopted ordinances to allow a limited number of chickens to be raised on residential properties, including the cities of Maple Grove, Blaine, Minnetonka, and St. Louis Park. Staff has researched the following cities on how they regulate chickens: Blaine Chanhassen Coon Rapids Crystal Maple Grove Minneapolis Minnetonka New Hope St. Louis Park St. Paul Schaumburg, IL Highland Park, IL Brookfield, WI Parma, OH Waukesha, WI Shawnee, KS Carmel, IN The University of Minnesota (U of M) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) were other resources used to understand the complexity of keeping of chickens. Attached are articles from both entities relating to health and safety of keeping chickens. There are a number of neighborhood covenants/homeowner association (HOA) restrictions that are in place in many residential neighborhoods. Questions have been raised about neighborhood covenants and whether or not the keeping of chickens is permitted in all neighborhoods. It is important to note that the city is typically not a party to such covenants and amendments to them, and they are enforced privately by developers and homeowner’s associations. Many HOA’s may prohibit the keeping of chickens or have more stringent standards. Staff has assembled a map noting the known locations of the HOA’s in the city. The proposed amendments to the zoning code could include: 4 (a) Section 21005 – Rules and Definitions: a.Accessory Building, Structure, or Use: A subordinate building, structure, or use which is located on the same lot on which the principal building or use is situated and which is reasonably necessary, appropriate and incidental to the conduct of the primary use of such building or main use. Accessory buildings or structures may be attached to or detached from the principal building, and typically include (but are not limited to) garages, sheds, storage or workshop areas, docks, gazebos, coops, and the like. b.Coop:A structure for the keeping or housing of chickens. c.Run:A fully enclosed and covered area attached to a coop where the chickens can roam unsupervised. d.Chicken:A domesticated bird that serves as a meat or egg source. e.Hen:A female chicken. f.Rooster:A male chicken. g.Farm Animals: (a)Domestic Animals .For purposes of this Chapter, a domestic animal shall be defined as house pets such as dogs, cats, and birds (except those defined as farm animals or wild animals) that can be contained within a principal structure throughout the entire year, provided that containment can be accomplished without special modification to the structure requiring a building permit from the City. In addition, it includes rabbits, and chickens, normally sheltered outside the home. (b)Farm Animals.Cattle, hogs, potbelly pigs, bees, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, horses (including miniatures) and other animals commonly accepted as farm animals in the State of Minnesota. (b) Section 21170 – Animals: a.Section 21170.01 – Keeping Animals: The following animals may be kept in the City: Subd. 1.Domestic animals, except chickens and bees, are allowed in all zoning districts, as regulated by Chapter 9 of the City Code. Subd. 9. Except as may be allowable by interim use permit in the FRD district conditional use permit in the I-2 district, commercial dog kennels are prohibited in the City. 5 b.Section 21170.02 – Keeping of Chickens: Limit To Number Of Hens Permitted. Except for hens associated with veterinary hospitals, animal shelters, and educational institutions, or located within the FRD district, no person shall keep more than four (4) hens in the RSF-1, RSF-2, RSF-3, RSF-4, and single-family detached PUD zoning districts. Roosters shall be prohibited unless located in the FRD zoning district. Confinement 1. All hens kept in the City shall be entirely confined in a pen, coop, building, or other enclosure at all times. 2. Chickens must not be allowed to free range unless rear yards are completely fenced in and supervised at all times. 3. Chickens must not be housed in a residential house or in an attached or detached garage, except chickens under the age of 6 weeks for brooding purposes. Structure 1.Location The coop and attached run must be located in the rear yard and must be setback a minimum of forty (40) feet from all adjacent principal buildings that are not occupied by the applicant, and be setback a minimum of ten (10) feet from any property line. The coop and attached run shall not be within any Easement or Wetland, Wetland Buffer or wetland structure setback area. (a) On corner lots, coops and runs may not be located in any yard with street frontage. (b) On lots with equivalent yards, coops and runs may not be located in any required front yard. 2.Size and number (a) Only one coop and attached run is allowed per property. (b) Total area for coop and covered run is limited to no more than 60 square feet. Maintenance of Sanitary Conditions All pens, coops, buildings, yards, or enclosures for hens shall be kept clean, sanitary and free from all refuse. Such areas shall be thoroughly cleaned at least once every week and all refuse shall be disposed of in a clean and sanitary fashion. Storage of Food All feed for hens shall be kept in rodent-proof containers. The following are discussion points and could be incorporated into the code: 1.Number of chickens allowed.The draft ordinance states no more than four chickens be allowed. The number of chickens allowed in other communities’ surveyed range from zero to unlimited in an agricultural district. If the community allowed chickens in single-family districts then a range of 3-6 chickens were allowed. 6 2. Zoning districts allowed in and range of lot sizes.The draft ordinance would allow the keeping of chickens in all single-family residential zoning districts (FRD, RSF-1, RSF-2, RSF-3, RSF-4, single- family detached PUDs) as an accessory use, subject to a set of standards. The proposed ordinance does not specify a minimum lot size for the keeping of chickens, but rather includes several measures, such as setbacks from property lines and adjacent buildings, that are intended to protect neighboring properties and minimize the potential of creating nuisances. In the communities surveyed, the smallest single-family lot that allowed chickens was 5,000 square feet (St. Paul) to three acres (Brookfield, WI). Many communities tied additional regulations to those allowing chickens on smaller lots such as adjacent neighbor approvals and required permits. 3.Required Setbacks. The draft ordinance requires ten feet from the property line and 40 feet from adjacent principal buildings. The draft ordinance is proposing similar setback regulations for chicken coops that are already in place for composting containment structures. Composting containment structures are required to be at least 40 feet from any inhabited building not owned by the generator of the compost material. In the communities surveyed, the setbacks for chicken coops range from a minimum of 10 feet off the property line to 50 feet from the property line. In some instances, both a distance from the property line and a minimum distance from the adjacent residence is required. 4.Require a permit (once, yearly, CUP) or neighbor approval signature.The draft ordinance does not require a permit or a signed statement from abutting property owners. There are examples of ordinances from other communities across the county that require a permit once or yearly, or a planning process such as getting a conditional use permit (CUP) to be able to have chickens. A few communities surveyed required a signed statement of approval from neighboring property owners. In many instances it may make obtaining approvals unrealistic and is something the city does not require for other permits or approvals. 5.Home Occupations – If the city allows the keeping of chickens and the homeowner wanted to sell eggs,it is suggested that they would need to go through Home Occupation License process as outlined in the zoning ordinance. In addition, the homeowner would also need to comply with any of the requirements from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture Dairy and Food Inspection Division regulations. 6. The building code requires a building permit for a structure exceeding 200 square feet. The proposed ordinance provides for a coop and attached run to be a maximum of 60 square feet, therefore a building permit would not be required. A coop is considered an accessory structure and would count as one of the two accessory structures allowed on a property. 7 CHICKEN OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY NUMBER ALLOWED PERMIT REQ. DISTRICTS ALLOWED STRUCTURE/ FENCE WASTE REMOVAL SLAUGHTERING NOTICE REQUIRED? Blaine Max of 6 hens; no roosters Yes Accessory use in RE (Residential Estate, min. 2.5ac), R-1 (Single Family, 10,000sf), R-1AA (Single Family, 10,800sf), R-1A (Single Family, 12,500sf), R-1B (Single Family, 15,000sf) Coop and covered run not more than 60 sq. ft. in rear yard only at least 5 feet from side or rear lot lines Must be removed from coop so as not to cause a nuisance. Off-site only If home within managed community with HOA, HOA management must sign off. Runs must be fenced unless entire yard fenced. Chanhassen 1-2.5 ac. 8 hens; 2.5-10 ac. 16 hens; over 10 ac. no limit Yes Lots 1 acre or larger where the principal use of the property is a single-family home Coop and attached run (at least 4 sq. ft. per chicken for each) must be located in rear yard and set back a minimum of 25 feet from all adjacent residences. Fence required Coop and run must be kept free from trash and accumulated manure. Manure must be kept in fully enclosed container and removed weekly. No outdoor butchering Notarized statement that all adjoining neighbors notified Coon Rapids Max of 4 hens; no roosters Yes LDR-1 (Single Family 15,000sf) and LDR-2 (Single Family 10,800sf & Two-Family 14,850sf) on lots over 5ac. in size Total of coop and covered run (with overhead protective netting) limited to no more than 60 sq. ft. and must be located at least 10 ft. from side or rear lot lines and at least 30 feet from an adjacent property’s primary residence. Fence required All premises on which chickens kept shall be kept in clean, sanitary manner. All droppings and body excretions collected weekly On-site slaughtering prohibited If home within managed community with HOA, HOA management must sign off. 8 CHICKEN OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY NUMBER ALLOWED PERMIT REQ. DISTRICTS ALLOWED STRUCTURE/ FENCE WASTE REMOVAL SLAUGHTERING NOTICE REQUIRED? Crystal Max of 4 hens; no roosters No Single (6,000sf) and two-family (10,000sf) residential lots Shelter of not more than 120 sq. ft. and not over 6 ft. in height required and not closer than 5 feet from lot line. Fenced area shall not exceed 20 sq. ft. per bird in area and 6 feet in height. Overhead netting required Shelter and enclosure shall be kept in a clean and sanitary manner. Feces regularly collected and stored in leak- proof container On-site slaughtering prohibited Nothing specified Maple Grove R-A zone over 10 acres: unlimited R-A zone under 10 acres: 25 per acre R-1 zone (1- 1.5 acres): 12 per acre R-1 zone (1.5+ acres): 50 per acre No R-A, Single Family Agricultural R-1, Single Family Residential (only on lots over 1 acre in size) In all situations in the R- A and R-1 zoning districts where animals of the hoofed variety or the fowl family are permitted to roam and/or graze about the property, a suitable fencing system shall be in place so as to restrain the animals roaming and/or grazing to the property of person keeping or maintain the animals. The premises on which any animal is kept or maintained shall be kept in a clean and sanitary condition and shall not be a harbor for rodents, flies, or insects. No specific requirements No specific requirements. Minneapolis Tier I: max. of 6 hens; Tier II:7-15 hens; Tier III: 16-30 hens; roosters allowed Yes Accessory use in all residential districts (6,000sf) Coops and runs must be in rear yard at least 20 feet from neighboring residential use and screened from habitable buildings on neighboring properties. Run must provide 10 sq. ft. for each chicken. Waste shall be removed often enough to prevent odors from emitting over property lines. Poop and litter may not be placed in City-provided organics recycling carts. Live slaughter prohibited. Must notify immediate neighbors. If applying for more than 6 chickens, must obtain written consent of at least 80% of neighbors within 100 feet of property. 9 CHICKEN OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY NUMBER ALLOWED PERMIT REQ. DISTRICTS ALLOWED STRUCTURE/ FENCE WASTE REMOVAL SLAUGHTERING NOTICE REQUIRED? Minnetonka 1 bird per 1/10ac rounded down, No roosters allowed No Single-family R-1A (Residential 15,00sf) R-1 (Single Family 22,000sf) Must provide shelter of appropriate size no closer to lot line of adjacent occupied property than it is to principal structure on chicken owner’s property, but not less than 10 feet. Fence required Must manage feces and other bodily wastes in a timely and sanitary manner. Must keep area clean so no smell leaves the property. New Hope Max of 3 hens; no roosters Only when desiring to exceed limitations on keeping of chickens An enclosed or fenced shelter is required. Fecal material is not allowed to accumulate on subject property. St. Louis Pk. Max of 4 hens; no roosters Yes Single-family (7,200sf - 9,000sf) Coop and fenced run must be located in backyard area as far as reasonably possible from neighboring properties, with a minimum of 10 feet suggested. Must be kept in sanitary condition such that no noxious odors are carried to adjacent property. No butchering allowed. Nothing specified St. Paul Tier I: max. of 6 hens; Tier II:7-15 hens; no roosters Yes SF 5,000sf-21,780sf TF 2,000sf-3,000sf Construction and maintenance of holding facilities shall comply with all applicable rules, regulations, ordinances and statutes. Stored fecal matter shall be removed at least twice each week between April 1 and November 30. Written approval from 75% of owners and/or renters of real estate within 150 feet of the outer boundaries of the applicant’s premises or proof that the property lines are 150 feet or more from any structure 10 CHICKEN OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY NUMBER ALLOWED PERMIT REQ. DISTRICTS ALLOWED STRUCTURE/ FENCE WASTE REMOVAL SLAUGHTERING NOTICE REQUIRED? Schaumburg, IL No Yes Agriculture Dist. (5ac.), Special Use Permit Required for all single- family, and multiple family (HOA) (8,750sf - 20,000sf) No No No Public Hearing process Highland Park, IL 6 hens, No roosters Yes, $50 a year Single family (7,000sf- 130,680sf) 8’ from property line 10’ from home Yes Not allowed No Brookfield, WI Max. 20 per acre. No Single family (3 acres or more) 50’ from property line. No Parma, OH None N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 11 CHICKEN OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY NUMBER ALLOWED PERMIT REQ. DISTRICTS ALLOWED STRUCTURE/ FENCE WASTE REMOVAL SLAUGHTERING NOTICE REQUIRED? Shawnee, KS 10 max. No roosters Yes Agricultural Coops, Chicken Runs and Chicken Tractors must be located in the rear yard of the property and must be at least 10’from the nearest property line and at least 40’ from any adjacent residential dwelling, church, school or place of business. Yes Yes No Carmel, IN AG – unlimited, with roosters. Res. – max. 6, no roosters No All 4,000sf When more than 10’ from a Principal Building, Accessory Buildings and Uses shall be set back a minimum of the greater of the following: (a) 5’, or (b) Easement plus 3’, but not within any Easement or required landscaped or greenbelt area. (c) No fill from any excavation may be placed within the Easement. ii. When closer than 10’ to a Principal Building, Accessory Buildings shall be considered as part of the Principal Building and shall be provided with the Side and Rear Yards required for the Principal Building. Yes No No Waukesha, WI No regulations. 12 Co Rd No 6 Interstate Hwy No 494Co Rd No 101Interstate Hwy No. 494Co Rd No 24Co Rd No 101InterstateHwyNo494C o R d No6 Co Rd N o 4 7 Bass Lake Rd Bass L a k e R d StateHwyNo 55 S t a t e H w y N o 5 5 Stat e H w y N o 5 5 State Hwy No 169State Hwy No 169St a t e H i g h w a y N o 5 5 State Hwy No 169State Hwy No 169Rockford R d Rockford Rd State Hwy No 169CoRd47 Co Rd No 47 BassLakeRd Co Rd No 101Co Rd No 24 Co Rd N o 6 Co Rd No 6 Co Rd No 101Sta t e H w y N o 5 5 Co Rd N o 1 5Vicksburg LnK Homeowners Association Map Legend City Limits Open Space HOA Unsure Yes No 13 Salmonella Outbreaks of Salmonella Infections Linked to Backyard Poultry Posted September 23, 2020 at 2:00 PM ET CDC and public health o cials in 49 states are investigating 16 multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections linked to contact with poultry in backyard ocks, such as chicks and ducklings. The number of illnesses reported this year sets a record number of illnesses as compared to past years’ outbreaks linked to backyard ocks. Stay healthy around your backyard ock by washing your hands, keeping your birds outdoors, and supervising young children around your ock. Latest Outbreak Information At A Glance Reported Cases: 1,346 States: 49 Hospitalizations: 229 Death: 1 14 Since the last update on July 29, 2020, 408 more ill people were added to this investigation. As of September 22, 2020, a total of 1,346 people infected with one of the outbreak strains of Salmonella have been reported from 49 states. 229 people (33% of those with information available) have been hospitalized. One death in Oklahoma has been reported. 23% of ill people are children younger than 5 years of age. Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence shows that contact with backyard poultry (such as chicks and ducklings) is the likely source of these outbreaks. 416 (68%) of the 613 ill people interviewed reported contact with chicks and ducklings. People reported obtaining chicks and ducklings from several sources, including agricultural stores, websites, and hatcheries. Testing of backyard poultry and their environments (such as backyard coops) in Kentucky and Oregon found three of the outbreak strains. Advice to Backyard Flock Owners You can get sick with a Salmonella infection from touching backyard poultry or their environment. Backyard poultry can carry Salmonella bacteria even if they look healthy and clean and show no signs of illness. Follow these tips to stay healthy with your backyard ock: Wash your hands. 15 Always wash your hands with soap and water right after touching backyard poultry, their eggs, or anything in the area where they live and roam. Adults should supervise handwashing by young children. Use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not readily available. Be safe around poultry. Don’t kiss backyard poultry or snuggle them and then touch your face or mouth. Don’t let backyard poultry inside the house, especially in areas where food or drink is prepared, served, or stored. Set aside a pair of shoes to wear while taking care of poultry and keep those shoes outside of the house. Don’t eat or drink where poultry live or roam. Stay outdoors when cleaning any equipment or materials used to raise or care for poultry, such as cages and containers for feed or water. Supervise kids around poultry. Always supervise children around poultry and while they wash their hands. Children younger than 5 years of age shouldn’t handle or touch chicks, ducklings, or other poultry. Young children are more likely to get sick from germs like Salmonella. Handle eggs safely. Collect eggs often. Eggs that sit in the nest can become dirty or break. Throw away cracked eggs. Germs on the shell can more easily enter the egg though a cracked shell. Eggs with dirt and debris can be cleaned carefully with ne sandpaper, a brush, or a cloth. Don’t wash warm, fresh eggs because colder water can pull germs into the egg. Refrigerate eggs after collection to maintain freshness and slow germ growth. Cook eggs until both the yolk and white are rm. Egg dishes should be cooked to an internal temperature of 160°F (71°C) or hotter. Raw and undercooked eggs may contain Salmonella bacteria that can make you sick. For a complete list of recommendations, visit the Healthy Pets, Healthy People website section on backyard poultry. Advice to Stores That Sell or Display Poultry Source poultry from hatcheries that have adopted the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) best management practices to mitigate Salmonella contamination [PDF – 25 pages] and those which voluntarily participate in the USDA’s National Poultry Improvement Plan (USDA-NPIP) U.S. Salmonella Monitored Program [PDF – 17 pages]. Provide health information to owners and potential buyers of poultry before purchase (see sample yer below). This should include information about the risk of getting a Salmonella infection from contact with poultry. A yer [PDF – 1 page] describing the risk of Salmonella infections from contact with poultry and prevention recommendations is available. Place health information in clear view where poultry are displayed. Provide handwashing stations or hand sanitizer next to poultry display areas and tell customers to wash hands right after leaving these areas. Display poultry out of reach of customers, especially children, so customers cannot easily touch poultry. Clean and sanitize the areas where poultry are displayed between shipments of new poultry. Be sure to remove debris rst so that the disinfectant is applied to a surface that is generally clean. Apply the disinfectant on the surface for the proper contact time listed on the disinfectant label. 16 More information on displaying animals in public settings is in the 2017 Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings . Advice to Mail-Order Hatcheries Mail-order hatcheries should provide health-related information to owners and potential purchasers before they buy any poultry (see example below). This should include information about preventing Salmonella infections from contact with poultry. A yer [PDF – 1 page] describing the risk of Salmonella infections from contact with poultry and prevention recommendations is available. Mail-order hatcheries should develop interventions to help prevent contamination and infection of poultry with Salmonella: Best Management Practices Handbook: A Guide to the Mitigation of Salmonella Contamination at Poultry Hatcheries [PDF – 25 pages] Mail-order hatcheries should participate in the voluntary USDA-NPIP U.S. Salmonella Monitored Program [PDF – 17 pages], in which mail-order hatcheries certify their ocks are monitored for Salmonella bacteria that may cause illness in humans. The intent of this program is to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in day-old poultry in the hatchery and give the poultry industry a better opportunity to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in their products. Symptoms of Salmonella Infection Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps 6 hours to 6 days after being exposed to the bacteria. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most people recover without treatment. In some people, the illness may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and then to other places in the body. Children younger than 5 years of age, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness. For more information, see Symptoms of Salmonella Infection. Investigation Details September 23, 2020 Since the last update on July 29, 2020, 408 more ill people and one additional Salmonella serotype (Newport) were added to this investigation. As of September 22, 2020, a total of 1,346 people infected with one of the outbreak strains of Salmonella have been reported from 49 states. A list of the states and the number of cases in each is on the Map of Reported Cases page. Illnesses started on dates from January 14, 2020, to August 28, 2020. Ill people range in age from less than 1 year to 95 years, with a median age of 34. Fifty-eight percent are female. Of 698 people with information available, 229 (33%) have been hospitalized. One death in Oklahoma has been reported. If antibiotics are needed, some infections related to these outbreaks may be di cult to treat with some commonly recommended antibiotics and may require a di erent antibiotic choice. Whole genome sequencing performed on Salmonella bacteria isolated from 1083 ill people and two environmental samples showed predicted antibiotic resistance to one or more of the following antibiotics for 718 isolates: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (1.8%), ampicillin (4.1%), cefoxitin (1.8%), ceftriaxone (1.8%), chloramphenicol (0.8%), cipro oxacin (0.2%), fosfomycin (2.6%), gentamicin (1.1%), kanamycin (0.4%), streptomycin (59.2%), sul soxazole (4.2%), tetracycline (59.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (2.3%). There was no antibiotic resistance predicted for 367 (33.8%) isolates. Testing of 12 outbreak isolates using standard antibiotic susceptibility testing by CDC’s National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) laboratory showed resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline in 3 isolates and no resistance in 9 isolates (fosfomycin and kanamycin were not tested by this method). 17 Investigation of the Outbreaks Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence shows that contact with poultry (such as chicks and ducklings) in backyard ocks is the likely source of these outbreaks. In interviews, ill people answered questions about animal contact in the week before they became ill. Of 613 people interviewed, 416 (68%) reported contact with chicks and ducklings before becoming ill. Testing of backyard poultry and their environments (such as backyard coops) in Kentucky and Oregon found three of the outbreak strains. Ill people reported buying poultry from many sources, including agricultural stores, websites, and hatcheries. No single store chain or hatchery accounts for all of the illnesses. Regardless of where backyard poultry are purchased, they can carry Salmonella germs that can make people sick. Backyard poultry owners should always follow steps to stay healthy around their ocks. This investigation is ongoing, and CDC will provide updates when more information becomes available. Previous Updates >> Outbreak By the Numbers Map of Reported Cases Timeline of Reported Cases Key Resources Poster: Healthy Families and Flocks [PDF – 632 KB] Poster: Don’t Play Chicken with Your Health [PDF – 887 KB] Healthy Pets Healthy People Other Outbreaks Linked to Backyard Flocks Information on Salmonella Page last reviewed: September 23, 2020 18 August 2013 Backyard Poultry: Implications for Public Health and Safety Authors: Tanya Bailey and Jean Larson, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum; University of Minnesota Multidisciplinary review team and references available at z.umn.edu/PolicyBriefs Summary of Findings: ●Keeping backyard poultry is predominantly regulated at the local level through county and city ordinances and zoning. ●Keeping backyard poultry as pets may contribute to overall human wellbeing through their companionship. ●Backyard poultry also can expose people to disease; live birds can appear healthy and show no sign of illness while carrying germs and bacteria that can make humans sick. ●Children, the elderly, pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems are at the greatest risk of getting disease from backyard poultry. ●Prevention practices can help minimize or eliminate infectious disease transmission, including thorough hand washing with soap and water after handling poultry, poultry feed, equipment or eggs; proper food preparation of poultry and eggs; and supervising children when handling live poultry. Background The number of urban-dwelling individuals and families who keep poultry in their backyards appears to be increasing. A 2010 US Department of Agriculture study in four urban areas (Los Angeles, Denver, Miami, New York) found that 4% of the households planned to get chickens within the next 5 years compared to less than 1% who had backyard poultry at the time of the survey. Keeping poultry is not a new phenomenon; communities have kept Gallus domesticus , the domestic chicken, as a source of food and income since at least 6000 BCE. One major difference today is that many backyard poultry owners develop attachments to their flock and view them as pets that contribute to a family’s entertainment and sense of wellbeing. Some community members also perceive that keeping backyard poultry promotes safe, sustainable and economical food practices and enhances community understanding of agriculture, food and nutrition. Conflicts often arise where other community members feel that keeping backyard poultry creates noise, pests, disease and odor. Over half of the respondents to the USDA survey believed that chickens in urban areas would lead to more disease. This issue brief provides policy makers and community members a summary of the current science related to the public health and safety aspects of keeping backyard poultry. For this policy brief, keeping backyard poultry is defined as the care of a small flock of domesticated poultry, usually between one and 30 birds, for non-commercial and non-processing purposes. Public health considerations with backyard poultry Two major public health considerations emerge in relationship with backyard poultry, one a benefit and the other a risk. Since many backyard poultry owners regard their birds as pets, this companionship may provide health benefits. Studies of the human-animal bond have consistently shown that pets contribute to overall human wellbeing by demonstrating the positive social, cognitive, physical and emotional connections people experience through pet companionship. While the majority of respondents in the 2010 USDA study felt that eggs produced by z.umn.edu/PolicyBriefs | Center for Animal Health and Food Safety 1 The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Original funding for policy briefs supported by the National Institute on Food and Agriculture and USDA. 19 backyard chickens are better for you, scientific studies have not found them to be safer or more nutritious than commercially produced eggs. The primary human health risk of backyard poultry is infectious disease transmission. Any live poultry or poultry product can carry germs that can make humans sick even though the birds appear healthy and show no sign of illness. The greatest human disease risks from poultry are the bacteria Salmonella and Campylobacter which both can cause diarrhea. Poultry can carry Salmonella in their intestines so that it is shed in their droppings, in or on their eggs, and can be transferred onto their feathers. Salmonella can cause diarrhea in humans ranging from mild to life threatening. In 2012, eight Salmonella outbreaks in the U.S. affecting over 450 people were due to direct contact with live poultry obtained from mail-order hatcheries for non-commercial use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises poultry dealers and hatcheries to join the National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP), however, the NPIP does not certify that birds are free from Salmonella strains infectious to humans. Campylobacter illness in humans is most commonly associated with eating raw or undercooked poultry or poor sanitation in preparing the poultry. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is another potential concern although this is currently not considered by animal health or public health experts to be a significant risk in backyard poultry in the U.S. Other common bird health concerns, such as parasites and worms, are not transferable to humans. Recommended prevention measures for backyard poultry Thorough hand washing with soap and water, prevention of cross-contamination, and proper cooking preparation of poultry are the most important safeguards against illness caused by Salmonella and Campylobacter . Children, the elderly, pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems are especially susceptible; they should be assisted or supervised when handling chickens so that any contact with fecal matter is minimized and thorough hand washing is accomplished afterwards. Proper coop management is essential not only for poultry health but also to minimize public health concerns including flies, vermin (rats and mice) and odor. Regular removal of wet manure, bedding and feed will help to minimize odor, prevent bacterial growth and limit flies that can spread contamination. Storing poultry feed in rodent-proof containers helps prevent mice and rats. Proper composting of poultry manure is advised prior to using it as fertilizer because of the potential to contain harmful bacteria. Dead birds should be disposed promptly by burial, composting, incineration, or drop-off at designated sites. Equipment such as feeders and waterers need to be cleaned and sanitized regularly. Implications for policy makers While commercial poultry production is highly regulated by Federal and State Agencies, backyard poultry owners keeping chickens for non-commercial reasons are exempt from most of these regulations. The regulation of backyard poultry usually is limited to local ordinances. Some communities have no regulation of backyard poultry while others have developed extensive ordinances. These local ordinances vary widely; a survey of ordinances in 25 US cities that allowed backyard poultry found no two to be similar. Nevertheless many include an application process and license fee; limits on numbers of chickens allowed based on property size and coop space available; limits on roosters; parameters on coop and enclosure structures; restrictions on slaughter and nuisance clauses to manage aspects of noise, pests, odor, cleanliness and manure disposal. Variations in backyard poultry ordinances also include rules about selling eggs, slaughtering birds and what minimal feed, water, bedding, and veterinary care are required. No universal ordinance appears appropriate for all communities looking to allow backyard poultry. Several recommendations were made in an effort to define the components of a just and well-functioning chicken ordinance, compiled in a review of pro-chicken ordinances from 25 cities (LaBadie 2008 1 ): z.umn.edu/PolicyBriefs | Center for Animal Health and Food Safety 2 The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Original funding for policy briefs supported by the National Institute on Food and Agriculture and USDA. 20 ●The ordinance satisfies the needs of most stakeholder groups and acknowledges that some stakeholders on both sides of the issue will be unwilling to compromise ●The ordinance does not discriminate against certain populations, such as those of lower incomes who cannot afford high permitting fees, or those with smaller property sizes ●The ordinance allows for flexibility and provides choice, such as giving chicken keepers the right to choose their own coop design and building materials ●The ordinance allows for citizen input and participation in the ordinance forming process to assure that the ordinance fits the needs of , and is supported by the community ●The ordinance recognizes the role chickens can play in developing a more sustainable urban environment ●The ordinance recognizes the importance of the ordinance being clearly stated and easily accessible to the public, which will help ensure compliance and reduce violations. Local governments may find it useful to consult with University Extension Services and public health agencies for specific advice in developing ordinances. References 1. United States Department of Agriculture. (2013, April). Urban Chicken Ownership in Four U.S. Cities . USDA–APHIS–VS. Accessed 08/06/2013. 2. Glatz, P., Critchley, K., Hill, M. & Lunam, C. (2009, July). The Domestic Chicken . ANZCCART Fact Sheet. Accessed 08/06/2013. 3. LaBadie, K.T. (2008, May, 7). Residential Urban Chicken Keeping: An Examination of 25 Cities . CRP 580. University of New Mexico. Accessed 08/06/2013. 4. Linares, J. & Nixon, B. (2011, April). Urban Chickens . American Veterinary Medical Association. Accessed 08/06/2013. 5. American Veterinary Medical Association. (n.d.). Human Animal Bond . Accessed 08/06/2013. 6. Headey, B. & Grabka, M. M. (2007). Pets and Human Health in Germany and Australia: National Longitudinal Results. Social Indicators Research , 80, 297-311. 7. Squier, S. M. (2010). Liminal Livestock. Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 35, 477-502. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, March, 25). Risk of Human Salmonella Infections from Live Baby Poultry . Accessed 08/06/2013. 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, March, 6). Multiple Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Live Poultry in Backyard Flocks . Accessed 08/06/2013. 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, June, 4). Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Live Poultry . Accessed 08/06/2013. 11. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Plan . (2013, June, 21). National Poultry Improvement Plan. Accessed 08/06/2013. 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, October, 12). Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Montevideo Infections Linked to Live Poultry in Backyard Flocks (Final Update). Accessed 08/06/2013. Accessed 08/06/2013. 13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Peep, Chirp, Quack! What You Should Know About Salmonella if You Keep Backyard Poultry . Accessed 08/06/2013. 14. World Organization for Animal Health, Handistatus II Prototype . (2013, January, 31). Animal Health Status. Accessed 08/06/2013. 15. United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Customs and Border Protection. (2012, July, 12). Avian Influenza . Accessed 08/06/2013. 16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, November 25). Transmission of Avian Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People . Accessed 08/06/2013. 17. Noll, S., Porter, R., Martin, W. & Arnold, T. (2012, May, 29). Backyard or Urban Poultry Keeping Concerns . University of Minnesota Extension. Accessed 08/06/2013. 18. United States Department of Agriculture. (2004, May). Backyard Biosecurity Practices to Keep Your Birds Healthy . Accessed 08/06/2013. 19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, April, 23). Keeping Backyard Poultry . Accessed 08/06/2013. z.umn.edu/PolicyBriefs | Center for Animal Health and Food Safety 3 The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Original funding for policy briefs supported by the National Institute on Food and Agriculture and USDA. 21 42 ELR 10888 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 Illegal Fowl: A Survey of Municipal Laws Relating to Backyard Poultry and a Model Ordinance for Regulating City Chickens 2y Maime Bouvier Maime Bouvier is iisiting cegal 7riting 5rofessor, ClevelankAwarshall College of caf69 SuffarH Js the movement tofark 8eeping 2aW8yark WhiW8ens Wontinues to grof, many Wities are faWing the keWision of fhether to allof resikents to 8eep WhiW8ens ank, if so, hof to eG?eWtively regulate the praWtiWe69 J sur vey of muniWipal orkinanWes in the top 1$$ most popuA lous Wities in the Lnitek States that WonWern 8eeping ank raising WhiW8ens oG?ers lessons that may 2e appliek to kesigning a mokel orkinanWe69 hHis survey reveals that WhiW8ens are, perhaps surprisingly, legal in the vast majority of large Wities69 hHe survey also ikentifles regulatory norms ank some eG?eWtive ank less eG?eWtive fays to regulate the 8eeping of WhiW8ens69 J proposek mokel orkinanWe, 2asek on the 2aW8grounk informaA tion ank survey results, Woulk 2e akoptek 2y a Wity or easily mokiflek to flt a Wityzs uniKue neeks69 So muWh kepenks upon a rek fheel 2arrof gla4ek fith rain fater 2esike the fhite WhiW8ens69 7illiam Carlos 7illiams, 13UF69 hHe movement tofark 2ringing agriWultural praWtiWes into the Wity has Wontinuek to expank kuring the last keWake691 Js fe learn more a2out the pro2lems fith our mokern WommerWial agriWultural praWtiWes—li8e 8eeping large num2ers of animals Wrofkek in small inkoor faWilities fith little or no aWWess to fresh air or sunlight ank grofing vast amounts of Worn ank soy in a monoWulture environment to feek those animalsU—many WityAkfellers are ta8ing it into their ofn hanks to provike solutions69F Community garkens are inWreasing in Wities aWross the Wountry69- warA 8et farms ank even fullAsWale ur2an farms are popping up 2oth in Wities fhere the foreWlosure epikemiW has Wausek an a2unkanWe of a2ankonek properties ank in Wities fhere property has maintainek or even inWreasek in value69T Jnk, farmerzs mar8ets have inWreasek exponentially aWross the Wountry—allofing smaller sWale loWal farmers to kireWtly lin8 to Wonsumers ank sell their prokuWe for far a2ove the fholesale amounts they Woulk get from selling through 169 fim2erly okgson et al69, UrbanAhriculturexirowinhgealtWHSuftainable Placef, JmeriWan 5lanning JssoWiation, 5lanning Jkvisory ServiWe, Peport No69 T’F (Man69 U$11); Mo0a0Y tY so SossY & wonu ysso0t, JenacdsA mdnos Lnbo0aif, o0tbyyu gyn Bdasta0e Sdimoa0obsY byyt & JenaA cdsmdnos SrimYfi a0 U1im CY0mdnr CamaYi, 3A1U (U$1$)69 U69 E.h., byyt, I0c69 (wagnolia 5iWtures U$$3); wachoYs 5ysso0, ThY OfA 0avynYzi fasYffo: J Nomdnos aimynr yg bydn wYosi (U$$’); Enac SchsyiiYn, boim byyt Nomay0: ThY fonu SatY yg mhY Jss JfYnaco0 wYos (U$$U); wonay0 NYimsY, byyt 5ysamaci: yw mhY byyt I0tdimnr I0gsdY0cYi Ndmnamay0 o0t Yosmh (U$$U)69 F69 E.h., caio Torsyn, qydn bonf a0 mhY Camr: J0 Lnbo0 fwYssYnzi ddatY my dnywa0e byyt o0t Poaia0e cavYimycu (U$11); Thyfoi M69 byx, LnA bo0 bonfa0e: Sdimoa0obsY Camr cava0e a0 qydn Bocuront, a0 qydn Cyffd0amr, o0t a0 mhY 7ynst (U$11); fYssr Cyr0Y & Enau f0dmzY0, ThY Lnbo0 yfYimYot: qydn ddatY my SYsgASdggacaY0m cava0e a0 mhY Yonm yg mhY Camr (U$1$); fdnm B69 PYaehsYr, ThY L0amYt SmomYi yg JfYnaco0o: Bocuront ChacuY0i, BdnsYiqdY BYodmaYi, o0t yfYfotY BammYni (U$1$)69 -69 Mane E69 SWhu8os8e, CoffunitHDeQeloNfentL—rouhWiarpeninhxStateanp hocalPoliciefTranfforfinhUrbanONenSNace, F N69q69L69 M69 cYeai69 & 5db69 5yszr F1T, FT- (1333AU$$$)69 T69 okgson, fuNra note 1, at FA-69 AutWor’fmotexIwoulpliketotWankfHrefearcWaffiftantgannaW Markel.IwoulpalfoliketotWankgeipiioroQitTdobertfonanp CarolHnBroerinhfJacobffortWeirfuNNortanpfentorfWiN. Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 22 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10889 more esta2lishek Whannels li8e supermar8ets ank WonveA nienWe stores69’ 5art of the greater ur2an agriWulture movement involves ur2an animal hus2ankry—raising livestoW8 in an ur2an setting69. 7hile many Wities have allofek for 2ees, goats, ank other livestoW8 in the Wity,f this JrtiWle fill foWus on hof Wities regulate WhiW8ens693 wany people in ur2an enviA ronments are see8ing to raise WhiW8ens to assert Wontrol over their fook69 hHis may 2e in reaWtion to inWreasing reports of hof large inkustrial farms raise WhiW8ens in a2usive ank unsanitary settings—settings that not only are unhealthy for the WhiW8ens 2ut negatively aG?eWt the health of people fho live near suWh farms, as fell as anyone fho eats the eggs or meat from those WhiW8ens691$ wany people vief raisA ing WhiW8ens ank other ur2an agriWultural praWtiWes as a fay to Wom2at a 2ro8en fook system ank a fay to assert inkivikual politiWal pofer against the large Worporations that Wontrol muWh of our fook6911 In response to a grofing kemank from WityAkfellers to raise their ofn WhiW8ens, either as part of a Wommunity ’69 5atriWia E69 Sal8in f Jmy cavine, dehionalFoopfWepfxAreOurhocalZoninh anphanpUfedehulationfgealtWH?, UU bynthof E0vms69 c69 PYv69 T33, ’1. (U$11); Brankon Bairk, L—ePenpinhFarfer’fMarketFiafcoxSfallfTife Farferf,PartfTifeSWoNNerf,anpaBihfTifeProblef, 1 fqMEJNPc -3, -3A T$ (U$$fAU$$3)69 Seealfo fir8 Mohnson, SfallFarferfCreatinhamewBufif neffMopelafAhricultureioefhocal, N69q69TafYi, Muly 1, U$1U, http://fff69 nytimes69Wom/U$1U/$./$U/us/smallAsWaleAfarmersAWreatingAaAnefAprofltA mokel69htmlR_r=1fref=agriWulture69 .69 ogkson, fuNra note 1, at 1.69 See,e.h69, PybYnm & o00oh camm, J ChacuA Y0 a0 EvYnr qont (U$11); onvYr LiiYnr, ThY SfossAScosY 5ydsmnr bsycu: J0 JssANomdnos Jppnyoch my Poaia0e Bocuront o0t Lnbo0 ChacuY0i (U$11); J0tr Sch0YatYn, ThY ChacuY0 7haipYnYnzi ddatY my fYYpa0e ChacuY0i, EvYnrmha0e qyd NYYt my f0yw 69 69 69 o0t fat0zm f0yw qyd NYYtYt my f0yw Jbydm Poaia0e ChacuY0i (U$11); Tono corfo0 7assaofi, ThY CyfpsYmY ddatY my Poaia0e ChacuY0i: EvA Ynrmha0e qyd NYYt my f0yw Expsoa0Yt Safpsr (U$1$); MYnyfY f69 BYso0eYn, ThY CyfpsYmY Itaymzi ddatY my Poaia0e ChacuY0i (U$1$); ConsYY wotaeo0, ThY Bocuront yfYimYot (U$$3); fafbYnsr 7assai & Pyb cdtsyw, Poaia0e ChacuY0i gyn fdffaYi (U$$3)69 f69 E.h69, eather 7ooten f Jmy JW8erman, SeepinhtWeCitHxhanpUfePolif cieftoProfoteUrbanAhricultural, Nomay0os 5ysacr & cYeos J0osriai NYmwynu my 5nYvY0m Chasthyyt ObYiamr, F- (U$11); failee Neuner et al69, PlanninhtoEatxInnoQatiQehocalioQernfentPlanfanpPolicieftoBuilp gealtWHFoopSHfteffintWeUnitepStatef, byyt SrimYfi 5so00a0e o0t Yosmhr Cyffd0amaYi cob, L0avYniamr yg Bdggosy, ThY SmomY L0avYnA iamr yg NYw qynu, 1. (U$11)69 369 Seealfo 5atriWia Sal8in, FeepinhtWehocaQoref,OneCWickenataTifexdehuf latinhBackHarpCWickenf, F-:F Zy0a0e & 5so069 c69 PYp69 1 (U$11) (2rie[]y surveying WhiW8en lafs); wary 7ook et al69, ProfotinhtWeUrbangofefteapx deforfofhocalhanpUfehawftoAllowMicrohiQeftockondefipentialhotf, F. Ecysyer c69 CdnnY0mi ’f (U$1$)69 1$69 See,e.h., NiWholas f69 fristof, IfanEhhforBreakfaftsortWL—if?, N69q69 TafYi, Jpr69 11, U$1U, http://fff69nytimes69Wom/U$1U/$-/1U/opinion/8ristofAisA anAeggAforA2rea8fastAforthAthis69html; NiWholas f69 fristof, ArfenicinOur CWicken, N69q69 TafYi, Jpr69 -, U$1U, http://fff69nytimes69Wom/U$1U/$-/$T/ opinion/8ristofAarseniWAinAourAWhiW8en69html69 1169 ugh Bartling, ACWickenAin’tmotWinhbutaBirpxhocalFoopPropucf tionanptWePoliticfofhanpfUfeCWanhe, cycos E0vany0fY0m 1.(a) (Man69 U$1U)69 bor a kiG?erent ta8e on the politiWal reasons 2ehink 2aW8yark WhiW8A ens, see Shannon ayes, dapicalgofefakerfxdeclaifinhDofefticitHFrof aConfuferCulture (U$$T) (asserting that ur2an farming Wan 2e a feminist response to mokern ur2ani4ation)69 garken, ur2an farm, or just in their ofn 2aW8yark, Wities aWross the Wountry are amenking their orkinanWes to allof for ank regulate 2aW8yark WhiW8ens691U hHis JrtiWle fill flrst provike a primer on fhat a WityAkfeller shoulk 8nof a2out WhiW8ens69 hHis is espeWially targetek to WityAkfellers fho serve as WounWilpersons, mayors, or laf kireWtors ank 8nof little or nothing a2out WhiW8ens69 BeWause many muniWipal o&DVWials laW8 agriWultural 8noflekge, they laW8 a 2asis for unkerstanking fhether WhiW8ens Wan peaWefully WoAexist fith their Wonstituents in a Wosmopolitan area69 Jnk, even if o&DVWials 2elieve that resikents shoulk 2e a2le to 8eep WhiW8A ens, they may still feel uneKuippek to flgure out hof to properly regulate WhiW8ens to heak oG? praWtiWal WonWerns fith noise, okor, ank nuisanWe69 wany people may 2e surprisek to learn that even in Wities fhere raising WhiW8ens is illegal, many people are koing so anyfay691F bor instanWe, in a su2ur2 of CleveA lank, Mennifer,1- a young mother of tfo 2oys, 2uilt a Woop in her 2aW8yark ank 2ought four WhiW8s691T hHese WhiW8s gref up to 2e eggAlaying hens ank family pets 2efore she learnek that her Wity outlafek WhiW8ens69 hHe Wity tolk her that if she kik not get rik of the WhiW8ens, she foulk 2e su2jeWt to Wontinuing expensive Witations for violating the Wityzs orkinanWe69 BeWause 2oth she ank her Whilkren 1U69 Sarah drieWo, BackHarpBeef,CWickenf,anpioatfANNroQep, NBCSo0faA Yey, be269 1, U$1U http://fff69n2Wsankiego69Wom/nefs/loWal/BaW8yarkA BeesAChiW8ensAdoatsAJpprovekA1FfT$.1$-69html; wiWhael Cass, BackHarp CWickenfMakeiainfinmafWQille, ThY TY00YiiYo0, Man69 T, U$1U, http:// fff69healthynashville69org/mokules69phpRop=mokloakfname=Nefsfflle=a rtiWlefsik=U$1’F; 5eter Jpple2ome, EnQifioninhtWeEnpof“Don’tCluck, Don’tTell, N69q69 TafYi, Jpr69 F$, U$$3, http://fff69nytimes69Wom/U$$3/-/F$/ nyregions/F$tofnRR; MessiWa Bennet, L—emewCooNpeVille,tWeCraTefor UrbanPoultrHFarfinh, NYwiwYYu, Nov69 1’, U$$f, http://fff69thekailyA 2east69Wom/nefsfee8/U$$f/11/1’/theAnefAWoopAkeAville69img69jpg69 Jnk this movement is not just in the Lnitek States; Justralia, Canaka, ank Europe also are experienWing a surge in the num2er of people 8eeping 2aW8yark hens69 See,e.h69, SurheinBackHarpPoultrHmufberf, Bnamaih bnYY Po0eY Eee 5nytdcYni Jiiycaomay0 (Man69 3, U$11), http://fff69theranger69Wo69u8/ nefs/SurgeAinA2aW8yarkApoultryAnum2ers_U1’’$69html (last visitek be269 U-, U$1U); Bocuront ChacuY0i a0 Tyny0my, O0monay, http://torontoWhA iW8ens69Wom/Toronto_ChiW8ens/Blog/Blog69html (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U) (akvoWaWy group see8ing to legali4e WhiW8ens in Toronto); Chris way2erry f 5eter hHomson, KeeNinhCWickenfintWeBackHarp, fYponmfY0m yg JeA nacdsmdnY o0t byyt, dyvYn0fY0m yg 7YimYn0 Jdimnosao (Jug69 U$$-), http://fff69agriW69fa69gov69au/Wontent/aap/pou/man/gnU$$-_$UU69pkf (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U); J0tnYo dor0yn, onvYim yg mhY Sdbdnbi: J0 E0vany0fY0mos aimynr yg dnywa0e byyt a0 Jdimnosao0 CamaYi (U$$’); Catharine igginson, hiQinhinFrancefKeeNinhCWickenf, cava0e bno0cY, http://fff69livingfranWe69Wom/realAlifeAlivingAankAfor8ingAlivingA inAfranWeA8eepingAWhiW8ens–3-3F’ (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U)69 1F69 See,e.h., sWereCWickenfAreOutlawepOnlHOutlawfsillgaQeCWickenf, BocurontChacuY0i69cyf,http://fff692aW8yarkWhiW8ens69Wom/t/’1’3TT/ fhereAWhiW8ensAareAoutlafekAonlyAoutlafsAfillAhaveAWhiW8ensAtAshirt (last visitek be269 1T, U$1U) (forum for people fho ofn WhiW8ens illegally); eather Cann et al69, UrbanhiQeftockxBarrierfanpONNortunitiefFacefbH gofefteaperfintWeCitHofsaterloo, feW69 ’, U$11, http://fff69frfooksysA tem69Wa/stukentresearWh (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U) (interviefing several people fho ofn WhiW8ens illegally in the 7aterloo region of Canaka)69 1-69 Not her real name69 1T69 Intervief fith Mennifer, Muly 1f, U$11 (on flle fith author)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 23 42 ELR 10890 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 hak grofn Wlose to the hens, they kik not fant to simA ply kispose of them or give them afay69 Insteak, Mennifer movek to a neigh2oring Wity that hak reWently passek an orkinanWe legali4ing 2aW8yark hens ank startek a WhiW8en Wooperative691’ Nof, a group of neigh2ors ta8e turns WarA ing for the WhiW8ens ank share the eggs69 Neither in the su2ur2 fhere she startek raising the WhiW8s nor in the Wity fhere she startek the Wooperative kik neigh2ors Womplain a2out okor, noise, or any other potential nuisanWe69 Jnk the su2ur2, 2y prohi2iting WhiW8ens, lost the opportunity Mennifer fas filling to provike to 2uilk strong WommuA nity ties fith her neigh2ors691. Insteak of moving afay, others are see8ing to Whange the laf to raise WhiW8ens in the Wity fhere they alreaky live69 bor instanWe, Cherise 7al8er has 2een akvoWating for a nef orkinanWe in her Wommunity691f ws69 7al8er is a veteran of the IraK far fho 2eWame interestek in hens fhen she reak that 8eeping WhiW8ens Wan help relieve postAtraumatiW stress kisorker6913 She su2sWri2es to Backf HarpPoultrH —a maga4ine kekiWatek to 2aW8yark WhiW8A ensU$; she 2eWame Wertiflek in henA8eeping 2y the Ohio State Lniversity Extension; ank, she 2egan assem2ling the materials to 2uilk a Woop in her yark69 But, she soon learnek that her Wity outlafs hens as kangerous animals, plaWing them in the same Wategory as lions, tigers, 2ears, ank shar8s69U1 Lnfilling to 2eWome an outlaf henA8eeper, she, li8e Wountless others aWross the Wountry, is attemptA ing to lo22y her mayor ank Wity WounWilApeople to ekuA Wate them a2out WhiW8ens ank enWourage them to akopt a more WhiW8enAfrienkly orkinanWe69UU BeWause of the grofing popularity of 8eeping 2aW8yark WhiW8ens, Wities Wan 2eneflt from fellAthoughtAout orkiA nanWes that avert possi2le nuisanWe ank ma8e it easy ank Wlear for foulkA2e WhiW8en ofners to flnk out fhat they neek to ko to Womply fith the laf69 Changing these orkinanWes, hofever, is often a WontenA tious issue69UF It has Wausek one mayor in winnesota to say, “there is a lot of anger arounk this issue for some reason69 1’69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §§U$T69$-, F-.69$U (U$11)69 1.69 Seeinfra 5art I69E69 (kisWussing hof partiWipating in ur2an agriWulture Wan inWrease soWial WonneWtions ank WiviW responsi2ility)69 1f69 Intervief fith Mennifer, Muly 1f, U$11 (on flle fith author)69 1369 wegan Zotterelli, VeteranfFarfinh, ThY cYogsYm: NYwisYmmYn yg mhY CY0mnos Cyoim ChopmYn yg Cosagyn0ao PonY bndam dnywYni (Muly/ Jug69 U$11), http://WentralWoastfookie69Wom/U$11/$f/veteransAfarming/ (noting that the barmer ieterans Coalition that see8s to lin8 veterans fith farming has kone so not only to provike veterans fith eWonomiW opportunities, 2ut 2eWause “the nurturing environment of a greenhouse or a hatWhery has helpek these veterans ma8e impressive strikes in their reWovery ank transition”)69 U$69 BackHarpPoultrHMahaTine has 2een pu2lishek sinWe U$$’ 2y Countrysike 5u2liWations, InW69 It Wurrently has a WirWulation of approximately .T,$$$ reakers69 See JtvYnmaia0e I0gynfomay0 gyn Bocuront 5ydsmnr, http:// fff692aW8yarkpoultrymag69Wom/akvertise69html (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U)69 U169 couYwyyt wd069 Onta0o0cY §T$T691f69 UU69 Intervief fith Cherise 7al8er, war69 1f, U$1U (on flle fith author)69 UF69 Bara8 q69 Or2aWh f branWes P69 Sjo2erg, DebatinhOQerBackHarpCWickenf, Jri4ona cegal Stukies, fisWussion 5aper No69 11A$U (be269 U$1U) (listing WonA []iWts in ko4ens of Wities fhere people fere see8ing to Whange orkinanWes to either legali4e or 2an WhiW8ens); feealfo Sal8in, fuNra note 3, at 1 (kesWri2ing WritiWism of eG?orts to allof WhiW8ens in neigh2orhooks as inWluking “forry that property values fill plummet, that WhiW8ens fill Wreate foul okors ank noise, ank that they fill attraWt Woyotes, foxes, ank other pests”)69 wore so than the far 2y far69”U- City leakers are unkerstankA a2ly WonWernek that WhiW8ens may Wause nuisanWes69UT hHey have raisek suWh WonWerns as keWreasing property valuesU’ ank inWreasing greenhouse emissions,U. as fell as WonWerns a2out exWessive WluW8ing ank overfhelming okors 2otherA ing the neigh2ors69Uf Some express the 2elief that WhiW8ens, ank other agriWultural praWtiWes, simply ko not 2elong in Wities69U3 hHe Wontroversy over 2aW8yark WhiW8en regulation has 2een so Wontentious that at least one laf revief artiWle uses it as a Wase stuky for the Coase theorem to illustrate hof fe unneWessarily in[]ate the Wosts of proWesses relatek to legal Whange69F$ In 5art I, this JrtiWle fill kisWuss the 2eneflts of 2aW8A yark WhiW8ens69 5art II fill investigate WonWerns that many people have fith 8eeping WhiW8ens in the Wity69 5art III fill provike some 2aW8grounk a2out WhiW8ens ank WhiW8en 2ehavior that muniWipalities shoulk unkerstank 2efore Wrafting any orkinanWe69 5art Ii fill survey orkinanWes relatek to 8eeping WhiW8ens in the 1$$ most populous WitA ies in the Lnitek States, ikentifying regulatory norms ank partiWularly eG?eWtive ank ineG?eWtive means of regulation69 binally, 5art i fill put forfark a mokel orkinanWe that regulates 8eeping WhiW8ens in an ur2an setting fhile proA viking su&DVWient regulation to a2ate nuisanWe WonWerns69 U-69 Or2aWh f Sjo2erg, fuNra note UF, at U-69 UT69 569M69 uG?stutter, BackHarpCWickenfontWedife,DefNitetWemeihWbor’fCluckf, c69J69 TafYi, Mune 1T, U$$3, http://artiWles69latimes69Wom/U$$3/jun/1T/ nation/naAWhiW8enAeWonomy1T69 U’69 Tiara okges, CarHxmoCWickenfYet, I0tr7YYu69cyf, be269 1$, U$1U, http://fff69inkyfee869Wom/BigBite/arWhives/U$1U/$U/1$/WaryAnoAWhiW8ens yet (last visitek be269 1., U$1U); BackHarpCWickenfxiooporBapIpea, fiJc69 cyf, war69 F, U$$3, http://fff698val69Wom/nefs/-$’-ff$U69html (last visA itek be269 1., U$1U)69 U.69 ialerie Taylor, CWickenfforMonthoferH (U$$3), http://fff69sWri2k69Wom/ koW/1’T$3.Uf/ChangingAqourACitysAChiW8enAcafs (last visitek be269 1., U$1U) (akkressing a WonWern that wontgomery WounWil people voiWek a2out greenhouse gases)69 Uf69 Mosie darthfaite, Urbaniarpen?CWeck.mow,CWickenf, N69q69 TafYi, be269 ., U$1U, http://green692logs69nytimes69Wom/U$1U/$U/$./ur2anAgarkenAWheW8A nofAWhiW8ens/69 U369 Or2aWh f Sjo2erg, fuNra note UF, at 13 (Witing one mayor from bran8lingA ton, couisiana, as stating the “Wity has Whangek ank grofn so muWh sinWe the original orkinanWe69 7e are trying to loo8 to the future69 qou Wanzt raise animals or livestoW8 (in the Wity)69”); Barry q69 Or2aWh f branWes P69 Sjo2erg, E-ceffiQeSNeecW,CiQilitHmorff,anptWeCluckinhL—eoref, -- Cy0069 c69 PYv69 1 (U$11) (stating that an alkerman in ChiWago fas see8ing to 2an WhiW8ens in part 2eWause, “lakll things Wonsikerek, I thin8 WhiW8ens shoulk 2e raisek on a farm”); Merry faufman f wartin Bail8ey, FarfinhInfipeCitief, 1F co0tsa0Yi 1 (U$$1)69 F$69 See Or2aWh f Sjo2erg, fuNra note U369 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 24 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10891 I. The Benefits of Backyard Chickens In 13U$, an elementary sWhool text2oo8 reWommenkek that every family in JmeriWa 8eep a small []oW8 of 2aW8A yark WhiW8ens69F1 hHe text2oo8 provikek that “every family is 2etter oG? for having a fef WhiW8ens, provikek they are 8ept out of the garken ank at a suita2le kistanWe from any house69”FU It notek that of the millions of kollars forth of eggs that fere solk eaWh year at that time, Womparatively litA tle Wame from large poultry farms, 2ut Wame insteak “from the hunkreks ank thousanks of farms ank tofn lots fhere a fef WhiW8ens ank other fofls are 8ept in orker that they may turn to proflt fook materials that otherfise foulk 2e fastek69”FF hHe text2oo8 assertek that WhiW8ens fere a gook value 2eWause, as sWavengers ank omnivores, it fas relatively Wheap to feek them sWraps ank reWeive in return fresh eggs69 Jlso, the text2oo8 Whampionek Wity []oW8s 2eWause WhiW8ens eat inseWts ank thus prevent the inWrease of inseWt pests69F- hHe L69S69 government fas in agreement fith the textA 2oo8zs akviWe69 furing 7orlk 7ar I, the Lnitek States exhortek every person in JmeriWa to raise WhiW8ens69 hHe L69S69 fepartment of JgriWulture (LSfJ) issuek posters fith titles li8e “LnWle Sam ExpeWts qou to feep ens ank Paise ChiW8ens69”FT One suWh poster enWourages WhiW8en ofnership 2y exhorting that “even the smallest 2aW8yark has room for a []oW8 large enough to supply the house fith eggs69”F’ hHe poster goes on to say that 2eWause WhiW8ens eat ta2le sWraps ank reKuire little Ware, every householk shoulk Wontri2ute to a 2umper Wrop of poultry ank eggs in 131f69F. hHese reWommenkations are still valik tokay, as many are reevaluating the su2ur2ani4ation of JmeriWa that oWWurrek after 7orlk 7ar II ank reinWorporating agriWultural praWA tiWes into kaily life69Ff feeping komestiWatek fofl has 2een a part of human existenWe for millennia,F3 ank only in the last Wentury has 2een seen as something that shoulk 2e 8ept separate from the family ank the home69-$ 7hile humanity has long unkerstook the 2eneflts of 8eeping komestiWatek WhiW8ens, many WityAkfellers have lost touWh fith fhat F169 7assaof Thyfpiy0 Suassa0e, NomdnYASmdtr JenacdsmdnY (7orlk Boo8 Co69 13U$)69 FU69 Ip69 at U3’69 FF69 Ip69 F-69 Ip69 FT69 SWott foyon, CWickenfxssISolutiontoAlfoftEQerHtWinh, BYmmYn CamaYi & Tyw0i, Nov69 -, U$11, http://2etterWities69net/nefsAopinion/2logs/sWottA koyon/1TT’U/2aW8yarkAWhiW8ensAffiAeraAsolutionAalmostAeverything (last visitek be269 1T, U$1U)69 F’69 Ip. F.69 Ip69 Ff69 okgson, fuNra note 1, at 11A1U69 See,e.h69, PybYnm w69 byeYsiy0, BydnA eYyai NaehmfonYi 1’fAf1 (U$$T) (noting that 2aW8yark poultryA8eeping fent from 2eing universal ank enWouragek to 2eing 2annek as a nuisanWe fhen nefly kevelopek su2ur2s aimek tofark attraWting fealthy resikents 2egan instituting poliWies to 2an all householk pets in an eG?ort to kistinA guish themselves from 2oth the ur2an ank rural lofer Wlass)69 F369 Bar2ara 7est f BenAXiong Zhou, DipCWickenfiomortW?mewEQipence forDofeftication, -- 7ynstzi 5ydsmnr Sca69 M69 U$TA1f (1333)69 Chnaima0Y Ya0nachi, yw my PoaiY ChacuY0i: EvYnrmha0e qyd NYYt my f0yw (U$$.)69 -$69 See,e.h., J0tnYo dor0yn, onvYim yg mhY Sdbdnbi 1FF (U$$’); Mo0a0Y fY co SossY & wonu ysso0t, Jenacdsmdnos Lnbo0aif: o0tbyyu gyn Bdasta0e Sdimoa0obsY byyt & JenacdsmdnY SrimYfi a0 U1im CY0A mdnr CamaYi UF (U$1$)69 WhiW8ens have to oG?er69 hHere Wontinue to 2e many 2eneflts to raising hens69 Some of the 2eneflts are apparent—li8e getting fresh free eggs69 Some are less apparent—li8e hen manure 2eing a surprisingly priWey ank eG?eWtive fertili4er ank researWh flnkings that ur2an agriWultural praWtiWes in general raise property values ank strengthen the soWial fa2A riW of a Wommunity69 hHe 2eneflts of 8eeping hens fill 2e kisWussek more thoroughly 2elof69 A. vChckens Are a Soirce of FresC Nitrhthois Ebbs hHe most o2vious 2eneflt of 8eeping WhiW8ens in the 2aW8A yark is the eggs69 J hen fill generally lay eggs for the flrst flve to six years of her life, fith pea8 prokuWtion in the flrst tfo years69-1 ens lay more kuring the spring ank summer months fhen they are exposek to more light 2eWause of the longer kays69-U ens also lay far more eggs fhen they are younger, starting oG? fith 2etfeen 1T$ to F$$ eggs per year kepenking on the 2reek ank kfinkling kofn 2y a2out U$% eaWh year69-F qoung hens or pullets often start out layA -169 camm, fuNranote 7, at 1’fA’369 -U69 Ip69 at 1’369 -F69 Ip. qhDA uoster froM hcott Doyonv vChckens: iiI Solithon to Almost EferytChnb, Better vhthes & Townsv ,oi. Pv 2m11v :ttpU440ettercities.net4 news-opinion40logs4scott-doyon41//b240ackyard-c:ickens-wwi-era- solztion-alMost-eieryt:ing 5last iisited Fe0. 1/v 2m126. Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 25 42 ELR 10892 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 they are 8ept in a more natural environment fith exposure to sun, feather, ank akeKuate Wompanionship69T. SWientiflW nutritional analyses have proven that eggs from hens that are 8ept in small []oW8s ank allofek to forage, fhen WomA parek fith storeA2ought eggs, have • 1/F less Wholesterol • 1/- less saturatek fat • U/F more vitamin J • U times more omegaAF fatty aWiks • F times more vitamin E • . times more 2etaAWarotene69Tf hHus, four to six hens Wan easily provike enough eggs for a typiWal householk ank sometimes enough for the neighA 2ors as fell69 Jnk, the eggs are more nutritious, fresher, ank tastier than those availa2le in stores69 B. vChckens Profhde vompanhonsChp as Pets wany people fho ofn a small []oW8 of WhiW8ens Wonsiker their WhiW8ens to 2e pets ank a part of their family—just li8e a kog or a Wat69T3 ChiW8ens have personalities, ank many people ank Whilkren 2onk fith them just li8e any other pet69’$ Several forums exist on the Internet fhere people Wan trake stories a2out hen antiWs’1 or ke2ate fhat 2reek of WhiW8en is 2est for Whilkren69’U ChiW8en ofners tenk to name their hens, ank many Wan easily kesWri2e eaWh henzs temperament ank personality69’F 5erhaps reWogni4ing this, many Wities, as shofn 2elof, aWtually regulate WhiW8ens as pets—ank plaWe no further 2urken on WhiW8en ofners than it foulk on kog or Wat ofners69’- v. vChcken Manire Is a Sirprhshnbly Valiaule Ferthlhzer ChiW8en manure is an exWellent ank surprisingly valua2le fertili4er69 Currently, U$Apounk 2ags of organiW WhiW8en manure fertili4er Wan fetWh a priWe of 2etfeen i1$ ank T.69 Ip. Tf69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1.369 T369 Ip. at -A1$69 ’$69 See,e.h69, Carolyn Bush, ACWickenCWriftfafTale, Bocuront 5ydsmnr woe69, Man69 U$1$, http://fff692aW8yarkpoultrymag69Wom/issues/T/TA’/a_WhiW8en_ Whristmas_tale69html (kesWri2ing her pet WhiW8ens ank mourning one of their keaths); ChacuY0vatYy69cyf, http://fff69WhiW8envikeo69Wom/outlafWhiW8A ens69html (last visitek Muly U, U$1U) (WolleWting stories from people fho 8eep WhiW8ens as pets kespite their illegality)69 ’169 FunnH,FunnHCWickenAnticf, BocurontchacuY0i69cyf, http://fff692aW8A yarkWhiW8ens69Wom/forum/vieftopiW69phpRik=Ff$T3F (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 ’U69 sWatBreepfAreBeftforCWilprentoSWowin4fg?, BocurontchacuY0i69cyf, http://fff692aW8yarkWhiW8ens69Wom/forum/vieftopiW69phpRpik=T.U’f1F (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 ’F69 camm, fuNra note ., at -69 ’-69 See infra 5art Ii69C69169 ing a2normalAloo8ing or even kou2leAyol8ek eggs, 2ut as they mature 2egin laying more uniform eggs69-- Jlthough hens Wan live up to 1T or even U$ years, the average henzs lifespan is 2etfeen four to eight years, so most hens fill lay eggs kuring most of their life—2ut prokuWtion fill krop oG? Wonsikera2ly as they age69-T Jlthough some have arguek that raising 2aW8yark WhiW8A ens fill save money that foulk have 2een usek to 2uy eggs over time, this Wlaim is ku2ious69-’ It foulk ta8e many years to reWoup the Wost of the WhiW8ens, the WhiW8en feek, ank the Woops69-. But Wost is only part of the eKuation69 Eggs from 2aW8yark hens have 2een sWientiflWally shofn to taste 2etter69-f birst, they taste 2etter 2eWause they are fresher69-3 wost eggs 2ought in a groWery store are fee8s if not months olk 2efore they reaWh the point of sale69T$ PeWent stukies in agriWulture sWienWe, moreover, kemonA strate that if a WhiW8en is allofek to forage for fresh Wlover ank grass, eat inseWts, ank is fek oyster shells for WalWium, her eggs fill have a keeper Wolorek yol8, ranging from riWh golk to 2right orange, ank the taste of the egg fill 2e signiflWantly fresher69T1 Next, eggs from 2aW8yark hens are more nutritious69TU 5oultry sWientists have long 8nofn that a henzs kiet fill aG?eWt the nutrient value of her eggs69TF hHus, most WommerA Wial hens are su2jeWtek to a stankarki4ek kiet that provikes essential nutrients; 2ut even fith this 8noflekge, largeA sWale operations Wannot provike WhiW8ens fith an optimal kiet unker optimal Wonkitions69T- Tests have founk that eggs from smallA[]oW8 pastureAraisek hens aWtually have a remar8a2ly kiG?erent nutritional Wontent than your typiWal storeA2ought egg—even those Wertiflek organiW69TT hHis is 2eWause 2aW8yark WhiW8ens Wan forage for fresh grass ank other greens ank get aWWess to inseWts ank other more natA ural WhiW8en fook69T’ hHe nutritional kiG?erenWes may also 2e attri2utek to the faWt that hens are less stressek 2eWause --69 Bernal P69 7eimer, APeculiarEhhAbnorfalitH, UA-:1$ 5ydsmnr Sca69 .fA.3 (Muly 131f)69 -T69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1.F69 -’69 doas fofYnyw, Bocuront yfYimYot ddatY my Poaia0e ChacuY0i (U$11)69 -.69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1’69 7illiam Neuman, KeeNinhL—eirEhhfin L—eirBackHarpmeftf, N69q69 TafYi, Jug69 F, U$$3, http://fff69nytimes69 Wom/U$$3/$f/$-/2usiness/$-WhiW8ens69htmlRpagefantek=all (aW8noflekgA ing that 2aW8yark WhiW8en enthusiasts ko not typiWally save money 2y not 2uying eggs)69 -f69 flaus orstek et al69, ERyectofiraffCloQerForaheanpsWolefsWeatFeepinh ontWeSenforHGualitHofEhhf, 3$:U M69 Sca69 byyt & Jenac69 F-FA-f (Man69 U$1$)69 -369 camm, fuNra note ., at 1.69 T$69 Ip69 T169 orstek et al69, fuNra note -f69 TU69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1.3 (Witing Cheryl cong f Ta2itha Jlterman, Meet dealFreefdanheEhhf, wymhYn Eonmh NYwi, OWt69/Nov69 U$$., http://fff69 motherearthnefs69Wom/PealAbook/U$$.A1$A$1/TestsAPevealA ealthierAEggs69 aspx; Jrtemis 569 Simopoulos f Norman Salem Mr69, EhhYolkxASourceof honhfCWainPolHunfaturatepFatfinInfantFeepinh, - Jf69 M69 Csa0acos NdA mnamay0 -11 (133U) (flnking a signiflWant inWrease in nutrition ank signiflA Want keWrease in harmful fats in smallA[]oW8 freeArange eggs)69 TF69 7assaof M69 SmotYsfo0 & OwY0 M69 CymmYnass, Eee ScaY0cY & TYch0ysA yer 1fT (133T)69 T-69 Ip69 TT69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1.69 T’69 Ip69; Simopoulos f Salem Mr69, fuNra note TU69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 26 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10893 iU$69’T 5oultry faste has long 2een usek as a fertili4er—it provikes neWessary nutrients for plants ank for8s fell as an akkition to Wompost69’’ carge amounts of unWompostek WhiW8en manure appliek kireWtly to a garken fill overA fhelm or 2urn the plants, 2eWause its nitrogen Wontent is too high69’. But, the amount of manure that a 2aW8yark []oW8 of four to six hens foulk prokuWe is not enough to harm the plants ank Wan 2e 2eneflWial to a home garken, even fithout flrst 2eing Wompostek69’f J small []oW8 of WhiW8ens, moreover, koes not aWtually prokuWe muWh manure69 J fully grofn fourApounk laying hen prokuWes approximately a KuarterApounk of manure per kay69’3 In Womparison, an average kog prokuWes threeA Kuarters of a pounk per kay, or three times as muWh faste as one hen69.$ Js Wities have 2een a2le to keal fith faste from other pets li8e kogs ank Wats fith proper regulation, even though there is no mar8et for their faste, Wities shoulk 2e Wonflkent that the Wity ank WhiW8en ofners Wan properly manage WhiW8en faste69 D. vChckens Eat Insects ChiW8ens, li8e other 2irks, eat inseWts suWh as ants, spikers, tiW8s, []eas, slugs, roaWhes, ank 2eetles69.1 ChiW8ens also oWWasionally eat forms, small sna8es, ank small miWe69.U InseWts provike protein that the WhiW8ens neek to lay nutriA tionally kense eggs69.F Small []oW8s of WhiW8ens are reWomA menkek as a fay to eliminate feeks, although a WhiW8en koes not kisWriminate 2etfeen feeks ank plants ank, if left in a garken for too long, fill eat the garken plants as fell69.- But, 2eWause WhiW8ens li8e to eat inseWts ank other garken pests, allofing the WhiW8en oWWasional ank limitek aWWess ’T69 BlaW8 dolk Compost ChiW8en bertili4er solk for i1F69-F for U$ pounks on Jma4on69 Jfozy069cyf, http://fff69ama4on69Wom/BlaW8ACompostAChiW8A wanureA’$U1./kp/B$$U3UqJQC (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 ChiW8etyA kooAkoo solk for i-.69.T for -$ pounks on EBay69 Ebor, http://fff69e2ay69 Wom/itm/fs/eBayISJ5I69kllRiiefItemfitem=U’$ff31’$1’’fhlp=false (last visitek Man69 ’, U$1U)69 ’’69 Jkam J69 aky f Pon fean, PoultrHforSfallFarffanpBackHarp, L7 CyypYnomavY ExmY0iay0, http://learning store69ufex69eku/assets/pkfs/ JF3$fA$F69 ’.69 camm, fuNra note ., at 369 ’f69 Ip69 ’369 OWiohiQeftockManureManahefentiuipe, Ohay SmomY L0avYniamr ExA mY0iay0, Bulletin ’$-A$’, p69 F, T69 1 U$$’, http://ohioline69osu69eku/2’$-/ (proviking that a fourApounk laying hen prokuWes $69U’ of a pounk per kay of manure)69 .$69 ceah NemiroG? f Mukith 5atterson, Defihn,TeftinhanpIfNlefentationof aharhefScaleUrbanDohsafteCofNoftinhProhraf, 1T:- Cyfpyim Sca69 & Lmasazomay0 UF.A-U (U$$.) (“On average, a kog prokuWes $69F- l8ilograms (8g)k ($69.T l2s) of feWes per kay69”)69 .169 Simopoulos f Salem Mr69, fuNra note TU, at -1U69 SWhneiker, fuNra note f, at 1T69 .U69 Ip69 .F69 Ip69 .-69 Mohn 569 Bishop, CWickenfxIfNroQinhSfallfScalePropuction, EWho teWhniWal note, Ychy690Ym, 133T, http://fff69google69Wom/urlRsa=tfrWt=jfK=fesrW=s fsourWe=fe2fWk=1fvek=$CbwQbjJJfurl=http%FJ%Ub%Ubfff69 eWhoWommunity69org%UbresourWe%UbWolleWtion%UbE’’CfbfBA$J$fA -ffEAfJB1A.-f3ffCFEff-%UbChiW8ens69pkffei=F34xT-1Sh.etJk SLmqfCfusg=JbQjCN h$_28d_TsimlovgngOXfTFJMagJfsigU=_ Wgycnv.jfi.hdIiZtyf3g (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 to a garken Wan eliminate a neek to use WhemiWals or other inseWtiWikes ank prevent inseWt infestations69.T E. vChckens Help Bihld vomminhty Several stukies have founk that ur2an agriWulture Wan inWrease soWial WonneWtions ank WiviW engagement in the Wommunity69.’ JgriWultural projeWts Wan provike a WenterA pieWe arounk fhiWh Wommunities Wan organi4e ank, 2y koing so, 2eWome more resilient69.. Builking a sense of WomA munity is often espeWially valua2le for more marginali4ek groups—li8e reWent immigrants ank impoverishek innerA Wity areas69.f feeping WhiW8ens easily flts into the WommunityA 2uilking 2eneflt of ur2an agriWulture69 BeWause WhiW8ens lay more eggs in the spring ank summer, an ofner often has more eggs than he Wan use: neigh2ors, thus, 2eWome the 2eneflWiaries of the exWess eggs69 BeWau se WhiW8ens are still seen as a novelty in many Wommunities, many WhiW8en ofners help to ekuWate their neigh2ors ank their Wommunities 2y inviting them over for a visit ank letA ting neigh2ors see the Woops ank interaWt fith the WhiW8A ens69.3 binally, li8e the example of Mennifer a2ove, 8eeping WhiW8ens Wan 2eWome a Wommunity enkeavor; many peoA ple have formek WhiW8en Wooperatives fhere neigh2ors 2ank together to share in the for8 of tenking the hens ank also share in the eggs69f$ II. Cities’ Concerns With Backyard Hens Never mink fhat you thin869 hHe olk man kik not rush PeW8lessly into the Woop at the last minute69 hHe WhiW8ens harkly stirrek bor the easy fay he sang to them69 BruWe 7eigl, KillinhCWickenf, 133369 .T69 Tono corfo0 7assaofi, ThY CyfpsYmY ddatY my Poaia0e ChacuY0i: EvYnrmha0e qyd NYYt my f0yw 3T (U$11)69 .’69 okgson, fuNra note 1, at F (Witing cynnoa0Y Myh0iy0, Camr bonfYn: JtvY0mdnYi a0 Lnbo0 byyt dnywa0e (U$1$), ank 5omnacao r0Yi, J 5omch yg EtY0: JfYnacozi I00Yn Camr dontY0Yni (133’))69 ..69 okgson, fuNra note 1, at 3-69 .f69 Ip69 SeealfoIowaConcentratepAnifalFeepinhONerationfAirGualitHStupH, FinaldeNort, Iywo SmomY L0avYniamr o0t mhY L0avYniamr yg Iywo Smdtr dnydp 1-f, be269 U$$U, http://fff69ehsrW69uiofa69eku/Wafo_air_KualA ity_stuky69html (flnking that in rural areas Wommunities fhere farms fere smaller, fere ofnerAoperatek, ank usek the la2or of the operating family, the Wommunity “hak a riWher WiviW ank soWial fa2riW: resikents of all soWial Wlasses fere more involvek in Wommunity aG?airs, more Wommunity organiA 4ations servek people of 2oth mikkle ank for8ing Wlass 2aW8grounk, ank there fere more loWal 2usinesses ank more retail aWtivity”)69 .369 camm, fuNra note ., at 1UA1F69 See,e.h69, MeG? S69 Sharp f wolly B69 Smith, Social CaNitalanpFarfinhattWeduralfUrbanInterfacexL—eIfNortanceofmonf farferanpFarferdelationf, .’ Jenac69 Sri69 31FAU. (U$$F) (flnking that Wommunities 2eneflt ank agriWultural uses have more support fhen farmers kevelop soWial relationships fith nonAfarmers)69 f$69 E.h69, J22y Quillen, gowtoSWareaCWickenorTwo, ShonYobsY: CamaYi (Nov69 UU, U$$3), http://sharea2le69net/2log/hofAtoAshareAaAWhiW8en (last visA itek be269 1U, U$1U)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 27 42 ELR 10894 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 A. Nohse hHe most freKuently expressek WonWern is that hens fill 2e noisy69 hHis may Wome from assoWiating roosters fith hens69 Poosters are noisy69f1 ens are not partiWularly noisy69 7hile they fill WluW8, the WluW8ing is neither louk nor freKuent69fU hHe WluW8ing of hens is Wommonly Womparek to human Wonversation—2oth register arounk ’T keWi2els69fF By WonA trast, the 2ar8ing of a single kog Wan reaWh levels fell over 1$$ keWi2els69f- It shoulk also 2e notek that WhiW8ens have a homing instinWt to roost ank sleep at night69 J hen fill return to her Woop at night ank generally fall asleep 2efore or at sunA kofn69fT hHus, there shoulk 2e little WonWern fith WluW8ing hens kistur2ing a neigh2orhook at night69 B. Odor wany people are WonWernek that WhiW8en kroppings fill Wause okors that reaWh neigh2ors ank perhaps even aG?eWt the neigh2orhook69 hHese WonWerns may stem from pu2A liWi4ek reports of okors from large poultry operations69f’ 7hile it is no kou2t true that the okors Woming from these intensive WommerWialAsWale WhiW8en farms is overfhelming ank harmful,f. these operations often have hunkreks of thousanks of WhiW8ens in very small spaWes69ff wost of the okor that people may assoWiate fith poulA try is aWtually ammonia69 Jmmonia, hofever, is a prokuWt of a poorly ventilatek ank moist Woop69f3 Coop kesigns for 2aW8yark hens shoulk ta8e this into aWWount ank allof for proper ventilation69 Jnk, if Woops are regularly Wleanek, there shoulk 2e little to no okor assoWiatek fith the hens693$ f169 ManahefentofmoifeonPoultrHFarff, 5oultry baWt Sheet, Bnamaih CysdfA bao, wa0aimnr yg JenacdsmdnY o0t byyt (Jug69 1333), http://fff69agf69 gov692W69Wa/poultry/pu2liWations/koWuments/noise69pkf69 fU69 Ip69 fF69 ProtectinhAhainftmoife, Nomay0os Je SogYmr fomoboiY, ThY Ohay SmomY L0avYniamr ExmY0iay0, http://naskonline69org/koWument/1.--/k$$1.U1/ proteWtingAagainstAnoise69html (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U) (explaining that a WhiW8en Woop ank human Wonversation are 2oth a2out ’T keWi2els)69 f-69 Crista c69 Coppola et al69, moifeintWeAnifalSWelterEnQironfentxBuilpinh DefihnanptWeERyectfofDailHmoifeE-Nofure, 3(l) M69 oppsaYt J0afos 7YsA gonY Sca69 1A. (U$$’)69 fT69 7illiams, fuNra note .T, at 3U69 Po2ert 5lamonkon, danhePoultrHgoufinh, JTTPJ 11 (Mune U$$F)69 f’69 E.h., 7illiam Neuman, CleanhiQinhintWegenWoufe, N69q69 TafYi, OWt69 ’, U$1$, http://fff69nytimes69Wom/U$1$/1$/$./2usiness/$.eggfarm69htmlR sWp=UfsK=large%U$WhiW8en%U$farms%U$ank%U$okorfst=Wse69 f.69 foug durian Sherman, CAFOSUncoQerep,L—eUntolpCoftfofAnifal FeepinhONerationf, L0ay0 yg Cy0cYn0Yt ScaY0maimi, Jpr69 U$$f, http:// fff69uWsusa69org/assets/koWuments/fook_ank_agriWulture/WafosAunWoverek69 pkf; IowaConcentratepAnifalFeepinhONerationfanpAirGualitHStupH, binal Peport, Iywo SmomY L0avYniamr o0t mhY L0avYniamr yg Iywo Smdtr dnydp (be269 U$$U) (flnking extensive literature koWumenting aWute ank WhroniW respiratory kiseases ank kysfunWtion among poultry for8A ers exposek to Womplex mixtures of partiWulates, gases, ank vapors fithin CJbO units)69 ff69 Ip69 f369 Ip69 3$69 doas fofYnyw, ThY Bocuront yfYimYot ddatY my Poaia0e bonf J0A afosi FT (U$11) (“J WhiW8en Woop that smells li8e manure or has the punA gent okor of ammonia is mismanagek69 hHese pro2lems are easily avoikek 2y 8eeping litter kry, akking fresh litter as neekek to a2sor2 kroppings, ank periokiWally removing the olk litter ank replaWing it fith a fresh 2atWh69”)69 v. Dhseases Tfo kiseases are freKuently raisek in kisWussions of 2aW8A yark hens: avian []u ank salmonella69 bor kiG?erent reasons, neither justifles a 2an on 2aW8yark hens6931 birst, fith the attention that avian []u has reWeivek in the past fef years, some have expressek a WonWern that allofA ing 2aW8yark WhiW8ens Woulk provike a transition point for an avian virus to infeWt humans693U 7hile no one Wan preA kiWt fhether this virus fill Wross over to Wause fikespreak illness or hof it might ko so, it is important to note that avian []u, right nof, foulk have to mutate for it to 2eWome an illness that Wan spreak from person to person693F Even the TN1 strain of the virus, a highly pathogeniW form that garnerek nefs in the early U$$$s 2eWause it infeWtek humans, is very ki&DVWult for humans to WatWh ank has not 2een shofn to spreak from person to person693- Jnk that strain of the virus koes not exist in the Lnitek States—it has not 2een founk in 2irks, filk or komestiW, in North or South JmeriWa693T EnWouraging a return to more smallAsWale agriWulture, moreover, may prevent suWh a mutation from oWWurring69 wany forlk ank national governmental health organiA 4ations that are WonWernek fith the possi2le mutation of avian []u lin8 the inWreasek ris8s of kisease to the intensiA flWation of the proWesses for raising animals for fook—in other forks, largeAsWale faWtory farms693’ bor instanWe, the Centers for fisease Control ank 5revention (CfC) 2lamek “the intensiflWation of fookAanimal prokuWtion” in part on the inWreasing threat693. hHe CounWil for JgriWultural SWienWe ank TeWhnology, an inkustryAfunkek group, WreA atek a tas8 forWe inWluking experts from the 7orlk ealth Organi4ation, the 7orlk Organi4ation for Jnimal ealth, ank the LSfJ, ank issuek a report in U$$’ flnking that mokern intensive animal farming teWhniKues inWrease the ris8 of nef virulent kiseases693f hHe report statek “a major impaWt of mokern intensive prokuWtion systems is that they allof the rapik seleWtion ank ampliflWation of pathoA gens that arise from a virulent anWestor (freKuently 2y 3169 Sue c69 5olloW8 et al69, daifinhCWickenfinCitHBackHarpfxL—ePublicgealtW dole, M69 Cyffd0amr Yosmh, fOI: 1$691$$./s1$3$$A$11A3T$-A1 (U$11) (flnking that pu2liW health WonWerns a2out infeWtious kiseases ank other nuiA sanWes that might 2e Wausek 2y 8eeping hens in an ur2an setting Wannot 2e supportek 2y literature speWiflW to the ur2an agriWulture Wontext ank reWomA menking that pu2liW health praWtitioners approaWh this issue in a manner analogous to WonWerns over 8eeping komestiW pets)69 3U69 E.h., Or2aWh f Sjo2erg, fuNranote UF, at U369 3F69 AQianInl1uenTa, LSfJ, http://fff69ars69uska69gov/Nefs/koWs69htmRkoWik= 11U-- (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 3-69 AQianInl1uenTa,Gueftionf&Anfwerf, byyt o0t Jenac69 One69 yg mhY L0amYt Nomay0i, http://fff69fao69org/avian[]u/en/Kanka69html (last visitek Muly U’, U$1U)69 3T69 Ip69 3’69 wiWhael dreger, BirpFlu, AVirufofOurOwngatcWinh, BantbsdByyu69 Cyf (U$$’AU$$f), http://2irk[]u2oo869Wom/a69phpRik=T$ (last visitek be269 U1, U$1U) (flnking that the book ank JgriWulture Organi4ation of the LnitA ek Nations, the 7orlk ealth Organi4ation, ank the 7orlk Organi4ation for Jnimal ealth attri2ute ris8 faWtors for the emergenWe of nef kiseases from animals to the inWreasing kemank for animal protein)69 3.69 Ip69 3f69 Ip69 (Witing ilobaldifkfofInfectioufAnifalDifeafef, CounWil for JgriW69 SWi69 ank TeWh69, Issue 5aper No69 Uf, U$$T)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 28 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10895 su2tle mutation), thus, there is inWreasing ris8 for kisease entranWe ank/or kissemination69”33 hHe report WonWlukes 2y stating, “2eWause of the civestoW8 Pevolution, glo2al ris8s of kisease are inWreasing69”1$$ It is for this reason that many 2elieve that the movement tofark 2aW8yark WhiW8A ens ank kiverse smallAsWale poultry farming, rather than 2eing a pro2lem, is a solution to WonWerns a2out mutating avian viruses691$1 Jnother theory for hof an avian []u mutation may oWWur is that it fill flrst oWWur in filk 2irks that Woulk pass it on to komestiWatek 2irks691$U In this Wase, 2aW8yark hens Woulk provike a transition point69 bor this reason the LSfJ, rather than akvoWating a 2an on 2aW8yark hens, has insteak oG?erek some simpleAtoAfollof preWautionary proWekures for small []oW8 ofners: the LSfJ Wounsels 2aW8yark 2irk enthusiasts to separate komestiWatek 2irks from other 2irks 2y enWlosing Woops ank runs, to Wlean the Woops regularly, ank to fash their hanks 2efore ank after touWhing the 2irks691$F Jnother illness that Wauses WonWern 2eWause it Wan 2e transferrek to humans is salmonella691$- ChiW8ens, li8e other Wommon householk pets—inWluking kogs, turtles, ank Wagek 2irks—Wan Warry salmonella691$T bor this reason, the CfC Wounsels that people shoulk fash their hanks after touWhing poultry, shoulk supervise young Whilkren arounk poultry, ank ma8e sure that young Whilkren fash their hanks after touWhing WhiW8s or other live poultry691$’ ChiW8ens, li8e other pets, Wan get siW8 ank Warry kisA ease69 But pu2liW health sWholars have founk that there is no evikenWe that the inWikenWe of kisease in small []oW8s of 2aW8yark hens merits 2anning hens in the Wity ank Wounsel Wity o&DVWials to regulate 2aW8yark hens li8e they foulk any other pet691$. 3369 Ip69 1$$69 Ip69 1$169 Ben BloW8, U.S.CitHDwellerfFlocktodaifinhCWickenf, 7ynst7omch I0imaA mdmY, http://fff69forlkfatWh69org/noke/T3$$ (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U); FowlPlaH,tWePoultrHInpuftrH’fCentraldoleintWeBirpFluCrifif, dPJIN, http://fff69grain69org/artiWle/entries/UUAfoflAplayAtheApoultryAinkustryAsA WentralAroleAinAtheA2irkA[]uAWrisis (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U); PuttinhMeat ontWeTablexInpuftrialFarfAnifalPropuctioninAferica, J PYpynm yg mhY 5Yw Cyffaiiay0 y0 I0tdimnaos bonf J0afos 5nytdcmay0 (U$$’), http://fff69nWifap69org/ (last visitek be269 U1, U$1U)69 1$U69 PaWhel fennis, CAFOfanpPublicgealtWxdifkfAffociatepsitWselfare FrienplHFarfinh, 5urkue Lniv69 Extension, Jug69 U$$., https://mkW69itap69 purkue69eku/item69aspRitemIf=1fFFT#69T_ jkFCZOOL69 1$F69 BackHarpBiofecuritH,6saHftoPreQentPoultrHDifeafe, LSfJ, way U$$-, http://fff69aphis69uska69gov/animal_health/2irk2ioseWurity/2ioseWurity/2aA siWspoultry69htm (last visitek be269 U1, U$1U)69 1$-69 KeeNinhhiQePoultrH, CfC, http://fff69WkW69gov/features/Salmonella5oulA try/ (last visitek be269 U1, U$1U)69 1$T69 See Shaohua Zhao, CWaracteriTationofSalfonellaEntericaSerotHNemewNort IfolatepFrofgufanfanpFoopAnifalf, -1 M69 Csa0acos wacnybaysyer, No69 1U, TF’. (U$$F) (stating that kogs ank pigeons, as fell as WhiW8ens, Wan Warry salmonella); M69 ikalgoAiilla, SalfonellainFreehiQinhTerreftrialanp AquaticTurtlef, 113:UA- iYmYna0onr wacnybaysyer F11A1T (Man69 U$$.)69 1$’69 KeeNinhhiQePoultrH, CfC, http://fff69WkW69gov/features/Salmonella5oulA try/ (last visitek be269 U1, U$1U)69 1$.69 Sue c69 5olloW8 et al69, daifinhCWickenfinCitHBackHarpfxL—ePublicgealtW dole, M69 Cyffd0amr Yosmh, fOI: 1$691$$./s1$3$$A$11A3T$-A1 (U$11)69 D. Property Valies Jnother Wommon WonWern is that 8eeping 2aW8yark WhiW8A ens fill rekuWe surrounking property values691$f Several stukies, hofever, have founk that agriWultural uses fithin the Wity aWtually inWrease property values691$3 Community garkens inWrease neigh2oring property values 2y as muWh as 369-% fhen the garken is flrst implementek6911$ hHe property value Wontinues to inWrease as the garkens 2eWome more integratek into the neigh2orhook69111 hHe poorest neigh2orA hooks, moreover, shofek the greatest inWrease in property values6911U Stukies have also founk that rent inWreasek ank the rates of home ofnership inWreasek in areas surrounkA ing a nefly openek Wommunity garken6911F Stukies WonWerning pets, moreover, flnk that apartA ment ofners Wan Wharge higher rent for WonWessions suWh as allofing pets6911- hHus, aWWommokating pets has 2een shofn to raise property values69 Js of yet, no stukies have 2een kone on hof 2aW8yark WhiW8ens in partiWular aG?eWt property values, 2ut given that Wommunities express little WonWern that other pets, suWh as kogs or Wats, rekuWe property values, ank given researWh shofing that pets ank ur2an agriWultural praWtiWes Wan inWrease them, there is little reason to 2elieve that allofing 2aW8yark WhiW8ens fill negatively aG?eWt them6911T E. SlaibCter Some people are WonWernek that WhiW8en ofners fill 8ill WhiW8ens in the 2aW8yark6911’ 5eople are WonWernek that it may 2e harmful to Whilkren in the neigh2orhook to fatWh a WhiW8en 2eing 8illek ank preparek for a meal6911. Others are WonWernek that 2aW8yark slaughtering may 2e unsanitary6911f birst, many fho raise WhiW8ens 8eep the hens only for the eggs69113 wost eggAlaying 2reeks ko not ma8e for tasty meat691U$ wany people 2eWome attaWhek to their WhiW8ens, as they foulk a Wat or a kog, ank treat a keath 1$f69 Sal8in, fuNra note 3, at 169 1$369 okgson, fuNra note 1, at U169 11$69 Ip69 11169 Ip69 11U69 Ip69 11F69 Ip69 11-69 d69 StaWy Sirmans f C69b69 Sirmans, dentalConceffionfanpProNertHValuef, T:1 M69 PYos EimomY PYi69 1-1AT1(133$); C69J69 Smith, ANartfentdentfzIf L—erea“CofNle-”ERyect, ’’:F Jppnoaios M69 (133f) (flnking that average apartment unit Wommanks iT$ more rent per unit 2y allofing pets)69 11T69 wiWhael Broakfay, irowinhUrbanAhricultureinmortWAfericanCitiefx L—eE-afNleofMilwaukee, TU:FA- bycdi y0 dYyenophr UFAF$ (feW69 U$$3)69 11’69 NYaehbyni OppyiYt my Bocuront SsodehmYn, http://noslaughter69org (last visitek be269 UU, U$1U)69 11.69 Ip69 11f69 Ip69 11369 camm, fuNra note ., at F (stating that “the vast majority of 2aW8yark WhiW8en 8eepers regark their WhiW8ens as pets ank flnk it unsettling—if not outright upsetting—to Wonsiker eating them”)69 1U$69 Mor PyiiaYn, cava0e 7amh ChacuY0i: EvYnrmha0e qyd NYYt my f0yw my PoaiY qydn Ow0 Bocuront bsycu - (U$$U)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 29 42 ELR 10896 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 similarly691U1 ieterinarians, moreover, have avenues for kisposing of keak animals that are generally aWWeptek in most Wommunities691UU But, if a person kik fant to use her WhiW8ens for meat, there are other methoks for 2utWhering a WhiW8en rather than koing so in the 2aW8yark69 Js part of the loWal fook movement, smallAsWale 2utWhers have make a Wome2aW8 in the last fef years, ank many are partiWularly interestek in loWally raisek animals691UF hHus, legali4ing 2aW8yark WhiW8A ens koes not neWessarily mean that a Wity must also legali4e 2aW8yark WhiW8en slaughtering691U- F. GreenCoise Gases Jlthough forries that WhiW8ens fill inWrease greenhouse gases appears to 2e a 2it over the top, at least one Wity raisek this as a WonWern fhen Wontemplating allofing WhiW8ens69 In wontgomery, Ohio, at least one Wity WounWil mem2er fas fearful that allofing WhiW8ens to 2e raisek in the Wity might Wontri2ute to glo2al farming691UT 7hile WhiW8ens ko prokuWe methane as a natural 2yprokuWt of kigestion just li8e any other animal (inWlukA ing humans), the amount they prokuWe is negligi2le in Womparison to other livestoW869 wethane prokuWtion is a WonWern largely Wonflnek to ruminant animals, suWh as Wofs, goats, ank 2uG?aloes691U’ hHese animals prokuWe a large amount of methane every year 2eWause of the fay in fhiWh they kigest War2ohykrates691U. Cofs prokuWe an average of TT 8ilograms (8g) per year per Wof691Uf J goat fill prokuWe T 8g per year, a pig 169T, ank a human $69$T691U3 ChiW8ens, 2eWause they are nonruminant animals, ank 2eWause they are muWh smaller than humans, prokuWe less than $69$T 8g per year per WhiW8en691F$ binally, there is no reason to 2elieve that an ur2an WhiW8en foulk Wause a net inWrease in the prokuWtion of methane69 J person fho gets her eggs from her pet hen fill li8ely 2e 2uying fefer eggs from the supermar8et69 hHus, there is unli8ely to 2e a net inWrease in egg Wonsumption, so there is unli8ely to 2e a net inWrease in WhiW8ens69 hHus, any 1U169 Mose cinares, UrbanCWickenf, Jf69 iYmYna0onr wYt69 Jiiz0 7YsgonY byA cdi, Jpr69 U$11, http://fff69avma69org/issues/animal_felfare/J7boWus/ 11$-$-/ur2an_WhiW8ens69asp69 1UU69 Ip69 1UF69 Eli4a2eth feyser, L—eButcWer’fBack, Cy0069 woe69, Jpr69 U$11, http:// fff69WonneWtiWutmag69Wom/ConneWtiWutAwaga4ine/JprilAU$11/hHeAButWherA $F3sABaW8/69 1U-69 Butfee Simon v69 Clevelank eights, 1ff N69E69 F$f, F1$ (Ohio Ct69 Jpp69 13FF) (holking that a 2an on poultry slaughtering appliek to a small 2usiA ness 2utWher violatek the Ohio Constitution 2eWause it prohi2itek the WonA kuWt of a lafful 2usiness)69 1UT69 ialerie Taylor, ChacuY0i gyn wy0meyfYnr (Mune U$$3) http://fff69 sWri2k69Wom/koW/1’T$3.Uf/ChangingAqourACitysAChiW8enAcafs (last visA itek Muly U, U$1U) (responking to Wityzs WonWerns a2out inWrease in greenA house gases)69 1U’69 See MetWane,Sourcef,anpEfiffionf, L69S69 E5J, http://fff69epa69gov/methA ane/sourWes69html (last visitek Muly U, U$1U)69 1U.69 Ip69 1Uf69 5aul M69 Crut4en et al69, MetWanePropuctionbHDofefticAnifalf,silpdufif nantf,OtWergerbiQoroufFaunaanpgufanf, FfB TYssdi B69 U.1A.- (MulyA Sept69 13f’)69 1U369 Ip69 1F$69 Ip69 inWrease in methane prokuWtion Wausek 2y ur2an WhiW8ens is not only negligi2le, 2ut also li8ely oG?set 2y a keWrease in rural WhiW8ens691F1 G. ihnter ieatCer Northern Wities may 2e WonWernek that their Wlimate is not suita2le for WhiW8ens 69 ChiW8ens, hofever, fere 2rek to thrive in Wertain Wlimates69 There are 2reeks of WhiW8en that are more suitek to farm or even hot WliA mates69 Jnk, there are WhiW8ens that fere 2rek speWifiA Wally to thrive in Wolker feather, suWh as Phoke Islank Peks or 5lymouth PoW8s 691FU 7hile even WolkAharky 2reeks Wan 2e susWepti2le to frost2ite in extreme finter feather, a sturky Woop fith some extra insulation ank perhaps a hot fater 2ottle on frigik nights Wan proteWt the 2irks from harm691FF H. ginnhnb ihld Of all of the WhiW8en orkinanWes that this JrtiWle fill later kisWuss, it appears that one of the most popular regulaA tions is to prohi2it WhiW8ens running filk in the streets691F- ChiW8ens, li8e kogs ank Wats, sometimes esWape their enWloA sures69 7hile it foulk 2e irresponsi2le to presume that no WhiW8en fill ever esWape its enWlosure, Wity o&DVWials Wan rest assurek that WhiW8en 8eepers ko not fant to see their hens esWape any more than Wity o&DVWials fant to see hens runA ning loose on the streets69 bor this reason, ank also to proteWt against prekators, Wities shoulk ensure that WhiW8ens are 8ept in an enWlosure at all times69 III. Some Necessary Background on Hens for Developing Urban Hen-Keeping Ordinances is Wom2 fas flnest Woral rek ank tall, Jnk 2attlementek li8e a Wastle fall69 is 2ill fas 2laW8 ank li8e the jet it glofek, is legs ank toes li8e a4ure fhen he stroke69 is nails fere fhiter than the lilies 2loom, ci8e 2urnishek golk the Wolor of his plume69 dYyggnYr ChodcYn, ThY Co0mYnbdnr TosYi, ThY Nd0zi 5naYimzi TosY1FT 1F169 cetter from Brian 7ookruG?, Environmental 5lanner fepartment of NatuA ral PesourWes, to Cameron dloss (Mune 1U, U$$f), http://fff69sWri2k69Wom/ koW/1’T$3.Uf/ChangingAqourACitysAChiW8enAcafs69 1FU69 camm, fuNra note 7, at 11369 1FF69 Ip69 1F-69 Seeinfra 5art Ii69C69T69a69 1FT69 Ponalk EW8er trans69, okge f BrakkoW8 5u2lishers 133F69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 30 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10897 A. Hens Are Sochal Anhmals ChiW8ens are soWial animals ank ko 2etter if they are 8ept in []oW8s691F’ ChiW8ens Wan reWogni4e one another ank Wan remem2er up to T$ or ’$ other WhiW8ens691F. BeWause of this, large []oW8s of WhiW8ens, li8e those founk in most intenA sive farming operations, are soWially unsta2le ank Wan Wause aggressive 2ehavior691Ff In the filk, most []oW8s form su2A groups of 2etfeen four to six WhiW8ens691F3 ChiW8ens shof a&DVliative 2ehavior, eating together, preening together, gathering together in small groups if they are given spaWe to ko so, ank sleeping at the same time691-$ ChiW8ens also learn 2ehaviors from one another— for instanWe, WhiW8ens that fatWh another trainek WhiW8en peW8 a 8ey to o2tain fook fill learn this tas8 more KuiW8ly than other WhiW8ens that are not exposek to the 2ehavior691-1 BeWause WhiW8ens are []oW8 animals, a WhiW8en left alone generally fill not thrive691-U Jn isolatek hen fill often exhi2it kistur2ek ank selfAkestruWtive 2ehaviors, li8e WhasA ing its ofn tail ank exhi2iting exWessive aggression691-F BeWause eating is soWial 2ehavior, there are some reports that single WhiW8ens stop eating or eat less691-- 7hile sWienA tiflW stukies have yet to prove that a hen feels loneliness,1-T 2aW8yark hen enthusiasts are fell afare that an isolatek hen fill often appear kepressek or ill691-’ B. TCe Peckhnb Order 7e often use the term peW8ing orker to kesWri2e a hierarA Why in a Wommunity69 hHe term Womes from the tenkenWy for WhiW8ens to peW8 at one another ank kisplay aggressive 2ehavior until a hierarWhy is esta2lishek691-. OnWe the hierA 1F’69 wachoYs C69 JppsYbr Ym os69, 5ydsmnr BYhovayn o0t 7YsgonY FT, ..AfU (U$$-); Ya0nachi, fuNranote F3, at 11 (U$$.)69 1F.69 NiWolas camp8in, OrhanicPoultrHPropuction, 7elsh Inst69 of Pural Stukies U$ (war69 133.), aQailable at http://orgprints69org/33.T/1/OrganiW_5oulty_ 5rokuWtion69pkf69 1Ff69 JppsYbr Ym os69, fuNra note 1F’ (noting that WhiW8ens have inWreasek agA gression ank inWreasek grofth of akrenal glanks fhen they Wome in WontaWt fith other WhiW8ens they ko not 8nof ank also noting that WhiW8ens are stressek 2y 2eing 8ept in large []oW8s 2eWause it is unli8ely that 2irks in large []oW8s Wan form a hierarWhy: they are insteak “in a Wonstant state of trying to esta2lish a hierarWhy 2ut never aWhieving it”)69 1F369 Ip69 at .1; camp8in, fuNra note 1F., at U$69 1-$69 JppsYbr Ym os69, fuNra note 1F’, at ..A.369 1-169 Ip69 at .369 1-U69 Io0 M69 69 fd0co0 & 5Y00r owua0i, ThY 7YsgonY yg fyfYimac byws & OmhYn CopmavY Banti ’fA’3 (U$1$)69 1-F69 f69d69w69 7yytAddih, ThY BYhovayn yg mhY fyfYimac byws 1U- (13.1)69 1--69 f69769 PajeW8i et al69, SocialFactorfintWeFacilitationofFeepinhinCWickf enfxERyectfofIfitation,Aroufal,orDifinWibitionR, FU M69 5Yniy0osamr & Syc69 5irchys69 T1$A1f (Sept69 13.T)69 wartine JkretA aus2erger f Po2in B69 Cumming, SocialE-NerienceanpSelectionofDietinDofefticCWickenf, . Bant BYhovayn F.A-F (13f.) (flnking that isolatek young 2roilers hak lofer grofth rates than those plaWek fith other 2irks)69 1-T69 JppsYbr Ym os69, fuNra note 1F’, at 1-U (suggesting that poultry may sufA fer from loneliness ank 2orekom ank that “lWkonsikering the 2arrenness of many hus2ankry systems, 2orekom foulk seem to 2e a gook Wankikate for further stukies”) 1-’69 See,e.h., DoCWickenfiethonelH, Bocuront 5ydsmnr byndf (brikay, be269 1F, U$$3), http://forum692aW8yarkpoultry69Wom/vieftopiW69phpRf=Tft= .3.$-13fstart=$ (last visitek war69 -, U$1U)69 1-.69 Jlphaeus w69 duhl, SocialBeWaQioroftWeDofefticFowl, .1 Tno0iocmay0i fo069 Jcot69 Sca69 (13’f)69 dlakfyn f69 No2le, L—edoleofDofinanceintWe arWhy is esta2lishek, the aggressive 2ehavior fill lessen or even a2ate until nef 2irks are akkek to the []oW8 or until a hen mounts a Whallenge to someone a2ove her in the peW8A ing orker691-f Stukies have shofn, hofever, that inWikenWe of peW8ing is greatly rekuWek fhen hens are 8ept in lofer kensities691-3 (beather peW8ing is often a pro2lem in largeAsWale WhiW8en farms69)1T$ 7hen kensities fere approximately six or fefer 2irks per 1$ sKuare feet, peW8ing 2ehaviors a2atek or fere signiflWantly rekuWek691T1 BeWause a nef introkuWtion into the []oW8 fill upset the peW8ing orker, some farmers akvoWate for introkuWing at least tfo WhiW8s at a time691TU hHis fill help spreak out the a2use that Woulk 2e laik on a solitary young hen69 It fill also more fully upset the peW8ing orker, so that the 2irks are forWek to flnk a nef hierarWhy that fill inWluke the nef 2irks insteak of leaving one isolatek hen at the 2ottom of the []oW8691TF bor these reasons, WhiW8en ofners shoulk alfays 2e allofek to 8eep, at a minimum, four WhiW8ens69 hHis ensures that Wity regulations ko not stank in the fay of gook []oW8 management: if any hens are lost through injury, illness, or olk age, the WhiW8en ofner Wan ensure that the []oW8 never goes 2elof tfo hens 2efore see8ing to akk nef hens69 hHis fill also allof the ofner to introkuWe nef hens into the []oW8 tfo at a time69 v. vChckens and Predators BaW8yark hens in a metropolitan area may, in some fays, 2e 2etter proteWtek from prekators than their rural WounA terparts, 2eWause there are fefer prekators in the Wity69 hHe more prevalent WhiW8en prekators in the Lnitek States— foxes, Woyotes, ank 2o2Wats—are founk less often in the Wity than they are in more rural areas691T- Other prekators, hofever, suWh as haf8s ank raWWoons, are freKuently founk in the Wity691TT hHese prekators are one reason fhy WhiW8ens must have sturky Woops that are kesignek to proteWt hens from assault69 ChiW8ens have an instinWt to return to their Woop eaWh night691T’ Jnk most prekators are more aWtive at night fhen SocialhifeofBirpf, T’ ThY Jdu U’F (Muly 13F3)69 1-f69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1UU69 Jlphaeus w69 duhl et al69, MatinhBeWaQioranp tWeSocialgierarcWHinSfallFlockfofsWitehehWornf, 1f 5hriaysyeacos Zyysyer F’TA’f (OWt69 13-T)69 1-369 B69 u2erAEiWher f c69 Jukigé, AnalHfifofdifkFactorffortWeOccurrenceof FeatWerPeckinhAfonhhaHinhgenirowerf, -$ Bnamaih 5ydsmnr Sca69 T33A ’$- (1333) (kemonstrating through a stuky of WommerWial hen farms in Sfit4erlank that hens fere far less li8ely to feather peW8 if they fere 8ept in lofAkensity environments ank if they hak aWWess to elevatek perWhes)69 1T$69 Ip69 1T169 Ip69 1TU69 camm, fuNra note ., at 1UUAUF69 1TF69 Ip69 1T-69 See,e.h., Stanley f69 dehrt et al69, gofedanheanphanpfcaNeUfeofCoHotefin aMetroNolitanhanpfcaNexConl1ictorCoe-iftence, M69 woffosyer, 1$TFATT (U$$3); Seth 569f69 Piley, SNatialEcolohHofBobcatfanpiraHFo-efinUrban anpduralZonefofamationalPark, .$(T) M69 7astsagY wefm69 1-UTAFT (U$$’)69 1TT69 7assaofi, fuNra note .T, at ffAf369 1T’69 camm, fuNra note ., at .169 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 31 42 ELR 10898 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 the WhiW8ens are sleeping in their Woops691T. 7hile there is no guarantee that prekators fill not flnk a fay to prey on WhiW8ens, ensuring that Woops are sturkily 2uilt fith the intention to 8eep out prekators Wan help ameliorate WonA Werns fith prekators691Tf D. goosters Lhke to vrow Even WityAkfellers fho have never met a rooster 8nof that roosters Wrof69 But the popular 2elief, passek on in WhilA krenzs Wartoons, that roosters Wrof in the morning li8e an alarm WloW8 to felWome the rising sun is largely a myth69 Poosters may Wrof in the morning, 2ut they also Wrof in the afternoon or evening or, 2asiWally, fhenever they feel li8e it691T3 7hile the freKuenWy of Wrofing kepenks on the 2reek ank the inkivikual rooster, many roosters Wrof a lot691’$ In faWt, 2eWause komestiW roosters Wrof so muWh more freKuently than their filk 8in, one theory postulates that they fere 2rek over many Wenturies for louk, long, ank freKuent Wrofing 2eWause suWh Wrofing playek an imporA tant role in Zoroastrian religious Weremonies691’1 BeWause roosters are noisy ank freKuently so, Wities that have more kense ur2an environments shoulk Wonsiker 2anA ning them—at least on smaller lot si4es69 Some Wities have allofek an exWeption for “keWrofek” roosters1’U: some veterinarians usek to oG?er a “keWrofing” proWekure that foulk remove the roosterzs voiWe2ox69 BeWause of its high mortality rate—over T$%—veterinarians no longer oG?er this proWekure691’F BeWause this proWekure is kangerous ank Wruel to the rooster, Wities that have suWh an exWeption shoulk Wonsiker amenking it so as not to enWourage misA treatment of roosters69 E. Hens Don’t Need goosters to Lay Ebbs J Wommon myth is that hens fill not lay eggs fithout a rooster arounk69 hHis is simply not true; hens ko not neek roosters to lay eggs691’- In faWt, it is li8ely that every egg you have ever eaten fas prokuWek 2y a hen that never met a rooster691’T hHe only reason that hens reKuire roosters is to fertilA i4e the eggs, so that the eggs fill hatWh WhiW8s691’’ BeWause this Wan 2e an easier fay to propagate a []oW8, rather than senking afay for mailAorker WhiW8s, some WhiW8en ofnA ers foulk li8e to 8eep a rooster arounk or at least allof it to visit69 To akkress this WonWern, at least one Wity that 2ans roosters allofs “Wonjugal visits69” opefell TofnA 1T.69 dehrt, fuNra note 1T-, at 1$TF69 1Tf69 7assaofi, fuNra note .T, at ffAf369 1T369 Ya0nachi, fuNra note F3, at 1’69 1’$69 Ip69 1’169 JppsYbr Ym os69, fuNra note 1F’, at F’AF.69 1’U69 See,e.h69, 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(W) (U$11)69 1’F69 SfallanpBackHarpFlockf, fr69 L69 Exm69, http://fff69Wa69u8y69eku/small[]oW8s/ faK69html#QF1 (last visitek be269 1., U$1U)69 1’-69 SfallanpBackHarpFlockf, fr69 L69 Exm69, http://fff69Wa69u8y69eku/small[]oW8s/ faK69html#Q11 (last visitek be269 1., U$1U)69 1’T69 Ip69 1’’69 Ip69 ship, Nef Mersey, allofs roosters that are Wertiflek kiseaseA free to visit a hen []oW8 for 1$ kays out of every year691’. Jlthough nefs a2out the tofnshipzs poliWy garnerek national attention for its Kuir8iness, it may for8 as a soluA tion for hen ofners see8ing to akk to their []oW8 fithout having to 2uy nef WhiW8s691’f IV. The Current State of Municipal Ordinances Governing Backyard Chickens SuWh a flne pullet ought to go Jll WoiG?urek to a finter shof, Jnk 2e exhi2itek, ank fin69 hHe ansfer is this one has 2een— Jnk Wome fith all her honors home69 er golken leg, her Woral Wom2, er []uG? of plumage, fhite as Whal8, er style, fere all the fanWyzs tal8 Po2ert brost, ABluedibbonatAfefburH (131’)69 A. Introdicthon To ketermine the Wurrent state of WhiW8en legislation in the Lnitek States, the lafs of the top 1$$ Wities 2y population, aWWorking to the U$$$ Wensus are surveyek in this JrtiWle691’3 Currently, 3-% of these Wities allof for WhiW8ens in some manner691.$ 7hile many Wities impose various restriWtions 1’.69 mJTownhifitfConjuhalVifitfBetweendoofterf&genf, dgga0emy0 5yim, Jpr69 U., U$11, http://fff69hu&DVngtonpost69Wom/U$11/$-/Uf/njAlimitsAWhiW8enA mating_n_fT--$-69html69 1’f69 BeWause WhiW8 hatWheries have 2een a sourWe of salmonella, some 2aW8yark hen 8eepers may prefer to propagate their ofn []oW869 See,e.h., Serena dorkon, L—eH’reCute,ButBabHCWickfCangarborSalfonella, L69S69 NYwi & 7ynst PYA pynm, way F$, U$1U, http://health69usnefs69Wom/healthAnefs/nefs/artiWles/ U$1U/$T/F$/theyreAWuteA2utA2a2yAWhiW8sAWanAhar2orAsalmonella69 1’369 CitiefsitWf00,000orMorePoNulationin2000dankepbHPoNulation,2000 indankOrper, L69S69 CY0idi, http://fff69Wensus69gov/stata2/WWk2/Wit1$U$r69 txt (last visitek Man69 U’, U$1U)69 1.$69 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3UA1f (U$11); JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF (U$11); J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$ (U$11); J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 1., U1 (U$11); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U (U$1$); Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11); JdediA moAPachfy0t, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 -, art69 U (U$$.); Jdnyno, Cysy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-Af (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi tit69 III, Wh69 F691691 (U$11); BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$AF1U (U$11); BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$f691$ (U$11); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-:UU- (U$11); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11 (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U (U$1$); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F; Cha69, ass69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 .$1 (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §U$T69$-, F-.69$U (U$11); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11); CyA sdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY tit69 III, Wh69 UU1 (U$11); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’A1TF, ’A1T- (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA31 (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1$69U$1A1$69U$T (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 32 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10899 on 8eeping WhiW8ens through 4oning, set2aW8s, ank perA mitting reKuirements, only three of the top 1$$ Wities have orkinanWes that Wlearly 2an the 8eeping of WhiW8ens fithin Wity limits: fetroit, Jurora, ank qon8ers691.1 hHree others have unWlear orkinanWes that Wity o&DVWials have interpretek as 2anning 2aW8yark WhiW8ens: drank Papiks, bort 7ayne, ank cu22oW8691.U Jn akkitional 1$ Wities, fhile allofing for WhiW8ens, restriWt them to either very large lots or only to Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, art69 T (U$1$); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-691F$ (U$11); dnYY0iA byny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1$691, 1$69U (U$11); y0ysdsd, ow69, PYv69 OnA ta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 ’, art69 II (U$1$); I0tao0opysai, I0t69, PYv69 CytY tit69 III, Wh69 TF1 (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi ’A1 (U$11) (not regulating WhiW8ens at all); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY tit69 XIII, Wh69 -’U, tit69 XiII, Wh69 ’T’ (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11); fo0A ioi Camr, wy0m69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69Ff69$T$ (U$11); cYxa0emy0AborYmmY, fr69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §-A1$ (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$U$ (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1U69$1, 1U69$TA1U69$3 (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY Wh69 31 (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); ip. §.69U3; ip. §369TU; wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfA1 (U$$3); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AU1 (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA ’69T (U$11); wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 -, art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII; NoihvassYA fovatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §§fA1UA$U$, 1.A1’AFF$ (U$11); NYw OnA sYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, Wh69 1f, art69 iI (U$11); N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §’TAUF (133$); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UA F$ (U$1$); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§-A$T, ’691A. (U$11); Oouso0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A$-AFU$ (U$11); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY tit69 f, T3 (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §’AU’’ (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §§fA., fA1$ (U$11); 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §§’FT69$U, 31169$-69J69U (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1f- (U$11); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T (U$11); PosYaeh, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1UAF$$1, 1UAF$$- (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ (U$11); ip. tit69 1.; PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr OntaA 0o0cYi §§F$A1U, F$A13 (no kate listek); SocnYfY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §3A--AF-$ (U$11); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1T (U$1$); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$U (U$11); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1 (U$11); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 . (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1. (U$11); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU (U$11); ShnYvYpynm, co69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi Wh69 1$’ (U$11); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.C69F1$69$1$ (no kate listek); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$, 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 -, art69 iI (U$11); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §§T$T69$.(a)(-), 1.$T69$. (U$11); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k)(e) (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U691 (no kate listek); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11)69 1.169 Jdnyno, Cysy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-Af (U$11); fYmnyam, wach69, Camr CytY §’A1AF (U$1$); qy0uYni, N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §’TAUF (133$)69 1.U69 bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1T.691$- (U$11) (2anning liveA stoW8 fithin the Wity, even though WhiW8ens are not listek in the keflnition of livestoW8, the animal Wontrol kepartment says that the Wity interprets WhiW8en as livestoW8); dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU (U$1$) (“No farm animal shall 2e 8ept or allofek to 2e 8ept fithin any kfelling or kfelling unit or fithin one hunkrek (1$$) feet of any kfelling, kfellA ing unit, fell, spring, stream, krainage kitWh or krain69”); cdbbycu, TYx69, Camr Onta0o0cY §-69$.69$$1 (U$11) (permitting WhiW8ens “in those areas appropriately permittek 2y the 4oning orkinanWes of the Wity” fhen 4oning orkinanWes are silent)69 agriWulturally 4onek lank691.F BeWause suWh restriWtions fill exWluke most people fithin the Wity from 2eing a2le to 8eep hens, if suWh restriWtions are interpretek to 2e a 2an on WhiW8ens, then f-% of Wities Wan 2e Wonsikerek to allof for WhiW8ens69 7ithin that f-%, there is a fike range of hof Wities regA ulate WhiW8ens—ranging from no regulation1.- to a great keal of very speWiflW orkinanWes governing fhere WhiW8ens Wan 2e loWatek,1.T hof Woops must 2e 2uilt,1.’ ank hof often WhiW8ens must 2e fek ank Woops must 2e Wleanek691.. Some of these Wities also have restriWtive set2aW8s or other regulations that fill prohi2it some resikents from ofning WhiW8ens—espeWially resikents in multiAfamily kfellings or fho live on small lots in a kense area of the Wity691.f Js kesWri2ek more fully 2elof, there is no uniformity in the fays that Wities regulate WhiW8ens; eaWh Wityzs orkinanWe is uniKue69 Pegulations are plaWek in kiG?erent areas of a Wityzs Wokiflek orkinanWes69 Some regulations are spreak throughA out the Woke, ma8ing it ki&DVWult for a WhiW8en ofner to ketermine hof to Womply fith the Wityzs orkinanWes69 Some Wities regulate through 4oning, others through animal regulations, ank others through the health Woke691.3 Some Wities simply keflne WhiW8ens as pets ank provike no regulaA tions at all691f$ EaWh of these methoks of regulation fill 2e explorek in more ketail 2elof69 Jlthough other surveys of ur2an WhiW8en lafs have 2een kone, no 2asis fas given for the WhoiWe of the Wities surA 1.F69 Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (restriWting WhiW8A ens to lank 4onek for agriWultural use); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F (restriWting to lofAkensity 4ones ank restriWting to properties of one aWre or more); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1$691, 1$69U (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to lank 4onek for agriWultural use); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY tit69 XIII, Wh69 -’U, tit69 XiII, Wh69 ’T’ (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to agriWultural or lofA kensity resikential 4ones); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 - art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII (restriWting WhiW8ens to agriWultural or lofAkensity resikential 4ones); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi, app69 J, art69 II, §-A$69T (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to properties of flve aWres or more); Ousohyfo Camr,Ouso69, wd069 CytY tit69 f, T3 (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to properties fith one aWre or more); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §1$A11U (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to properties fith three aWres or more); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11) (restriWtA ing WhiW8ens to properties fith one aWre or more); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T, app69 J (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to lank 4onek for agriWultural use)69 1.-69 E.h., N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §’TAUF (133$) (only regulating WhiW8ens if they are 8ept for sale: “J person fho holks a permit to 8eep for sale or sell live ra22its or poultry shall 8eep them in Woops ank runfasy ank prevent them from 2eing at large69”); Cha69, ass69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11) (“No person shall ofn 8eep, or otherfise possess, or slaughter any 69 69 69 poultry, ra22it, kog, Wat, or any other animal intenking to use suWh aniA mal for fook purposes69”) ChiWagozs orkinanWe has 2een interpretek to allof 8eeping WhiW8ens for eggs69 fara Spa8, daifinhCWickenfhehalinCWicaho,anp PeoNleAreCrowinhAboutIt, Cha69 Sd0 TafYi, Jug69 1F, U$11, http://fff69 suntimes69Wom/nefs/metro/’3-U’--A-1f/WityAofAWhiW8enAWoops69html; InA va0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi ’A1 (U$11) (not regulating WhiW8ens)69 1.T69 Seeinfra i69C69U 1.’69 Seeinfra i69C69T69W69 1..69 Seeinfra i69C69T69269 1.f69 Seeinfra i69C69-69 1.369 Seeinfra i69B69 1f$69 Seeinfra i69J69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 33 42 ELR 10900 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 veyek1f1 ank the survey si4es fere far smaller691fU By WhoosA ing the largest Wities in the Lnitek States 2y population, this survey is meant to give a snapshot of fhat 8ink of lafs govern the most kensely populatek ur2an areas69 Jn unkerstanking of hof large Wosmopolitan areas approaWh 2aW8yark WhiW8ens Wan help smaller Wities ketermine the 2est fay to fashion an orkinanWe691fF Several aspeWts of these orkinanWes fill 2e examinek69 birst, the area fithin the Wokiflek orkinanWes that the Wity Whooses to regulate WhiW8ens fill 2e kisWussek691f- Next, regulations 2asek on spaWe reKuirements, 4oning reKuireA ments, ank set2aW8s fill 2e examinek691fT Jfter that, the kiG?erent sorts of sanitation reKuirements that Wities impose fill 2e examinek, inWluking loo8ing at hof speWiflW or genA eral those reKuirements are691f’ hHen, the Woop WonstruWtion reKuirements, inWluking hof muWh spaWe a Wity reKuires per WhiW8en, fill 2e examinek691f. Next, Witiesz use of perA mits to regulate WhiW8ens fill 2e evaluatek691ff hHe JrtiWle fill then kisWuss antiAslaughter lafs691f3 binally, the prevaA lenWe of 2anning roosters fill 2e kisWussek, fhile noting 1f169 See Or2aWh f Sjo2erg, DebatinhBackHarpCWickenf; Sarah SWhinkler, Of BackHarpCWickenfanpFrontYarpiarpenxL—eConl1ictBetweenhocalioQf ernfentanphocaQoref, f. Tds69 c69 PYv69 (forthWoming Nov69 U, U$1U); 5atriWia Sal8in, FeepinhtWehocaQoref,OneCWickenataTifexdehulatinhBackHarp CWickenf, F-:F Zy0a0e & 5so069 c69 PYp69 1 (war69 U$11); fieran willer, BackHarpCWickenPolicHxheffonfFrofVancouQer,Seattle,anpmiaharaFallf, QS5JCE om QdYY0i L69 (U$11), http://KspaWe69li2rary69Kueensu69Wa/hanA kle/13.-/’TU1; fatherine T69 ca2akie, defipentialUrbanKeeNinhxAnE-aff inationof25Citief, L69N69w69 PYiYonch 5opYn (U$$f) http://fff69google69 Wom/urlRsa=tfrWt=jfK=fesrW=sfsourWe=fe2fWk=1fvek=$CE$QbjJJ furl=http%FJ%Ub%Ub’’691-.69U-U691fT%Ub~ur2anWhT%UbfpAWontent %Ubuploaks%UbU$1U%Ub$U%UbOrkinanWeAresearWhApaper69pkffei=f_ TTTfjOcWrjKgd5TNdfCQfusg=JbQjCNEAJrE_uqe-XWfffhwrfS a-mOcfQffsigU=LW7fkL1smpoifnKTiE_fvJ; Mennifer BleWha, Urban hifesitWhiQeftockxPerforfinhAlternatiQeIfahinariefL—rouhWSfallStock UrbanhiQeftockAhricultureintWeUnitepStatef, 5nyqdYim I0gynfomay0 o0t cYon0a0e Cyfpo0r (U$$.)69 Seealfo CWickenh.O.d.EProjectxCWicken hawfanpOrpinancefanpYourdihWtfanpEntitlefentf, Bocuront ChacuA Y0i69cyf, http://fff692aW8yarkWhiW8ens69Wom/t/F1$U’f/WhiW8enAloreA projeWtAflnkAsu2mitAloWalAWhiW8enAlafsAorkinanWes (last visitek be269 U$, U$1U) (proviking an extensive WommunityAWreatek kata2ase of muniWipal WhiW8en lafs)69 1fU69 PoultrH20f0,deferenceoftWegealtWanpManahefentofCWickenStockfin UrbanSettinhfinFourU.S.Citief, LSfJ, way U$11 (stukying the ur2an WhiW8en population in fenver, cos Jngeles, wiami, ank Nef qor8 City)69 1fF69 Jlso, this survey is neWessarily fro4en in time for pu2liWly aWWessi2le orkiA nanWes as of feWem2er of U$1169 hHis is 2eWause at least tfo Wities have alreaky Whangek their orkinanWes to allof for more Womprehensive ank permissive livestoW8 regulations—5itts2urgh ank San fiego69 fiana NelA sonAMones, PittfburhWUrbanCWickenCooNTourtoBegelponSunpaH, 5ammibdneh 5yimAdozYmmY, Mune 3, U$11, http://fff69postAga4ette69Wom/ pg/111’$/11TUUF-AF-69stm (stating that 5itts2urgh hak amenkek its orkiA nanWes to allof for F WhiW8ens for every U,$$$ sKuare feet of property); Jkrian blorino, SanDiehoCitHCouncilANNroQefBackHarpCWickenf,ioatf, anpBeef, f5BS, be269 1, U$1U, http://fff698p2s69org/nefs/U$1U/fe2/$1/ sanAkiegoAWityAWounWilAapprovesA2aW8yarkAWhiW8ensA/69 hHese orkinanWes, hofever, have not yet 2een Wokiflek fithin the Wities Woke ank, thus, are not yet pu2liWly aWWessi2le69 Jlthough this JrtiWle intenks to use the most reWent orkinanWes, 2eWause of the si4e of the sample, ank 2eWause of the sWatterek nefs Woverage ank the signiflWant lag time in upkating Wity Wokes, the author Wannot 2e sure that other Wities have not amenkek their orkinanWes69 hHus, this stuky Wan ko no more than provike a snapshot in time for these orkinanWes69 1f-69 Infra i69B69 1fT69 Infra i69C691A-69 1f’69 Infra i69C69T 1f.69 Infra i69C69T 1ff69 Infra i69C69’69 1f369 Infra i69C69.69 that Kuite a fef Wities ko expressly allof roosters6913$ ExamA ining eaWh aspeWt of the orkinanWe pieWemeal is kesignek to provike a thorough overvief of orkinanWes regulating 2aW8yark WhiW8ens ank WlassiflWation of Wommon WonWerns69 hHrough this revief, regulatory norms fill 2e ikentiflek ank espeWially eG?eWtive, novel, or eWWentriW regulations fill 2e notek69 Norms ank eG?eWtive regulations fill 2e ta8en into aWWount in WonstruWting a mokel orkinanWe69 hHe most thoughtful, eG?eWtive, ank popular regulations from eaWh of these orkinanWes fill 2e inWorporatek into these reWomA menkations69 Jlso, kata kisWussek in the flrst part of this JrtiWle a2out WhiW8ens, WhiW8en 2ehavior, ank WhiW8enA 8eeping fill inform the mokel orkinanWe69 But, 2efore kelving into eaWh of these aspeWts of the orkinanWes, some more general impressions from this analA ysis fill 2e kisWussek69 hHese more general impressions fill inWluke ikentifying some themes in these regulations 2asek on population si4e ank region69 1. N:e Gore uopzlozs t:e Tityv t:e Gore (ikely ft fs to Allow for Backyard T:ickens 7hen reviefing the overall results of the survey WonWernA ing fhether a Wity allofs WhiW8ens or 2ans them, a patA tern emerges 2asek on population si4e69 Jt least among the top 1$$ Wities 2y population, the smaller the Wity, the greater the WhanWe that the Wity fill 2an WhiW8ens69 Of the top 1$ Wities 2y population, all of them allof for WhiW8ens in some fay69131 Of those top 1$ Wities, hofever, 5hilakelA phia has fairly striWt 4oning restriWtions that only allofs WhiW8ens in lots of three aWres or larger6913U Jnk, of the top T$ Wities 2y population, only one Wity 2ans WhiW8ens outright: fetroit6913F But in the last U$ of the top 1$$ Wities, four of them 2an WhiW8ens: qon8ers, drank Papiks, bort 7ayne, ank cu22oW86913- So, fithin that su2set, only f$% of the WitA 13$69 Infra i69C69f69 13169 hHe top 1$ Wities 2y population from most populous to least populous: N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §’TAUF (133$); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1U69$1, 1U69$TA1U69$3 (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); Cha69, ass69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA., fA1$ (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 ’, art69 II (U$1$)69 13U69 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11)69 13F69 fYmnyam, wach69, Camr CytY §’A1AF (U$1$)69 13-69 hHe last U$ of the top 1$$ Wities from most populous to least populous: dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, art69 T (U$1$); Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3UA1f (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); ip. §.69U3; ip. §369TU; bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §1T.691$- (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1. (U$11); wy0meyfA Ynr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 - art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII; ShnYvYpynm, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$’ (U$11); cdbbycu, TYx69, Camr CytY §-69$.69$$1 (U$11); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F; wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11); dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU (U$1$); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); qy0uYni, N69q69, §’TAUF (133$); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.C69F1$691$$ (no kate listek); JdedimoA Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 34 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10901 ies allof for WhiW8ens69 hHis may go against popular 2elief that WhiW8ens foulk 2e more prevalent in 2uWoliW su2A ur2s ank less popular in kensely populatek WosmopoliA tan areas69 BeWause this survey only inWlukes large ur2an areas, the perWentage of smaller Wities, su2ur2s, ank exur2s that allof for WhiW8ens is not 8nofn69 But, 2asek on this limitek survey, it appears that more populous Wities have largely aWWeptek WhiW8ens, ank the pursuit of more WhiW8enAfrienkly legislation has movek to smaller Wities ank the su2ur2s69 2. hoMe Regional O0seriations Jlthough it is ki&DVWult to kraf regional kistinWtions from a limitek set of kata, it koes appear that the states in fhat is WolloKuially Wallek the Pust2elt are more li8ely to 2an WhiW8ens69 In wiWhigan, 2oth Wities fithin the top 1$$, fetroit ank drank Papiks, 2an WhiW8ens6913T Jnk in 5ennsylvania, similarly, 2oth of its most populatek WitA ies, for the most part, 2an WhiW8ens6913’ 5hilakelphia only allofs WhiW8ens on lots of three aWres or more—far more than the average lot si4e in 5hilakelphia6913. 5itts2urgh, although it reWently amenkek its orkinanWes,13f usek to allof WhiW8ens only on parWels of flve aWres or more69133 In either event, in 2oth Wities, 8eeping WhiW8ens is limitek to property si4es that are far larger than the average for an ur2an area69 7ithin the Pust2elt states, Ohio stanks out for legali4A ing WhiW8ens69 Jll flve of its major Wities Wurrently allof for WhiW8ens: J8ron, CinWinnati, Clevelank, Colum2us, ank Toleko69U$$ Colum2us ank J8ron have far more restriWtive Pachfy0t, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 -, art69 U (U$$.); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$- (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, Wh69 ’ (U$11)69 13T69 fYmnyam, wach69, Camr CytY §’A1AF (U$1$) (prohi2its ofning farm aniA mals ank keflnes WhiW8ens as farm animals); dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU (U$1$) (prohi2iting farm animals fithin 1$$ ft69 of any kfelling unit, fell, spring, stream, krainage kitWh, or krain69 City o&DVWials have interpretek this to 2an WhiW8ens69); butfee J00 Jnbyn, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 IX, Wh69 1$., §3:-U (allofing up to four WhiW8ens in singleAfamily or tfoAfamily kfellings if a permit is seWurek ank regulaA tions are follofek)69 13’69 5haso69 §1$A11U; 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’FT69$U, 31169$-69J69U (U$11)69 13.69 Susan 7aWhter, L—eDeterfinantfofmeihWborWoopTranfforfationfin PWilapelNWiaIpenti:vcationanpAnalHfifxL—emewKenfinhtonPilotStupH, Spring U$$T, ThY 7honmy0 Schyys, http://fff69google69Wom/urlRsa=t frWt=jfK=fesrW=sfsourWe=fe2fWk=1fvek=$CCwQbjJJfurl=http %FJ%Ub%Ub8a2a&DVliates69org%Ubuploakekbiles%UbfJB_J&DVliates69org %Ub7harton%UTU$Stuky%UTU$Nf%UTU$final69pkffei=X-$hTT’_ OOjCsQcogpyhCQfusg=JbQjCN AfqOFImfiNsES7y’QZ3A.3a7 f.JfsigU=CUIvyXmP.tfhy-fTPZq8AJ (last visitek Man69 U’, U$1U) (flnkA ing that the average lot si4e fithin the Nef fensington area of 5hilakelphia fas just over 1,$$$ sKuare feet)69 13f69 fiana NelsonAMones, PittfburhWUrbanCWickenCooNTourtoBegelpon SunpaH, 5ammibdneh 5yimAdozYmmY, Mune 3, U$11, http://fff69postA ga4ette69Wom/pg/111’$/11TUUF-AF-69stm (stating that 5itts2urgh hak amenkek its orkinanWes to allof for three WhiW8ens for every U,$$$ sKuare feet of property)69 13369 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §31169$-(J)(U) (U$11)69 U$$69 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3UA1f (U$11); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 .$1 (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt OnA ta0o0cYi §§U$T69$-, F-.69$U (U$11); Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY tit69 III, Wh69 UU1 (U$11); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §§T$T69$.(a)(-), 1.$T69$. (U$11)69 orkinanWes, hofever69 Colum2us reKuires a permit to 8eep WhiW8ens ank allofs its ealth Commissioner kisWretion over granting ank revo8ing that permit69U$1 J8ron reKuires WhiW8ens to 2e 8ept at least 1$$ feet from any kfelling, fhiWh fill restriWt ofners of small parWels in kensely popuA latek areas from raising WhiW8ens69U$U In U$$3, Clevelank passek a Womprehensive orkinanWe legali4ing WhiW8ens ank 2ees69U$F Clevelank allofs for one WhiW8en per f$$ sKuare feet, fhiWh foulk allof up to six WhiW8ens on a stankark resikential lot69U$- Clevelank also has minimal set2aW8s ank ketailek Woop reKuirements69U$T Jnk CinWinnati ank Toleko have even more li2eral orkiA nanWes, allofing for WhiW8ens as long as they ko not Wreate a nuisanWe69U$’ iirginia also stanks out for restriWting WhiW8ens69 Jll four of iirginiazs Wities fithin the top 1$$ Wities 2y population—Chesapea8e, Norfol8, PiWhmonk, ank iirA ginia BeaWh—restriWt WhiW8ens to large lots or to lanks 4onek agriWultural69U$. B. iCere gebilathons voncernhnb vChckens Are Placed ihtChn a vhty’s vodhRWed Ordhnances hHe survey reveals that there is little WonsistenWy in fhere Wities Whoose to loWate WhiW8en regulations fithin their WokA iflek orkinanWes69 wost Wities regulate WhiW8ens in seWtions kevotek to animals, 4oning, health, or nuisanWes69 EaWh methok of regulation fill 2e examinek for hof often it is usek ank hof eG?eWtive it is69 U$169 Cysdfbdi §UU169$T: hHe ealth Commissioner may grant permission only after it is keterminek that the 8eeping of suWh animals: (1) Wreates no akverse environmental or health eG?eWts; (U) is in WomplianWe fith all other seWtions of this Whapter; ank (F) in the jukgment of the ealth Commissioner, after Wonsultation fith the staG? of the ealth feA partment ank fith the surrounking oWWupants of the plaWe of 8eepA ing suWh animals, ank Wonsikering the nature of the Wommunity (i69e69, resikential or WommerWial single or multiple kfellings, etW69 ), is reasona2ly inoG?ensive69 hHe health Wommissioner may revo8e suWh permission at any time for violation of this Whapter or nay other just Wause69 U$U69 Juny0 §3UA1f69 U$F69 CsYvYso0t §§F-.69$U f U$T69$-69 U$-69 Ip69 U$T69 Ip69 U$’69 Ca0ca00oma §.$1A1.; ip. §$$$TFA11 (“No live geese, hens, WhiW8ens, piA geons, kuW8s, hogs, goats, Wofs, mules, horses, kogs, Wats, other fofl or any other komestiW or nonAkomestiW animals shall 2e 8ept in the Wity so as to Wreate a nuisanWe, foul okors, or 2e a menaWe to the health of oWWupants or neigh2oring inkivikuals69”); TysYty §§1.$T69$T f T$T69$. (“No person shall 8eep or har2or any animal or fofl in the City so as to Wreate noxious or oG?ensive okors or unsanitary Wonkitions fhiWh are a menaWe to the health, Womfort or safety of the pu2liW69”)69 U$.69 ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F (restriWting to lofAkensity 4ones ank restriWting to properties of one aWre or more); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi, app69 J, art69 II §-A$69T (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to properties of flve aWres or more); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to properties fith one aWre or more); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T, app69 J (U$11) (restriWting WhiW8ens to lank 4onek for agriWultural use)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 35 42 ELR 10902 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 1. AniMal Tontrol Regzlations SeventyAone of the Wities regulate WhiW8ens unker their aniA mal Wontrol orkinanWes69U$f hHis ma8es sense, 2eWause WhiW8A ens are animals ank this is the natural plaWe for foulkA2e WhiW8en ofners to loo8 to ma8e sure that they fonzt get into legal trou2le69 Pegulating WhiW8ens unker animal WonA trol also leaks to fairly easyAtoAfollof orkinanWes69 ChiW8ens are either allofek, or they are not69 Jnk, if there are further regulations WonWerning lot si4e, set2aW8s, or Woop reKuireA ments, they are usually all in one plaWe69 U$f69 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3UA1f (U$11); J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 1., U1 (U$11); JdedimoAPachfy0t, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 -, art69 U (U$$.); Jdnyno, Cysy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-Af (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 III, Wh69 F691691 (U$11); Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11); BoA uYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$f691$ (U$11); BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$AF1U (U$11); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-:UU- (U$11); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U (U$1$); Ca0ca0A 0oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 .$1 (U$11); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’A1TF, ’A1T- (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA31 (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11); fYmnyam, wach69, Camr CytY §’A1AF (U$1$); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, art69 T (U$1$); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$- (U$11); dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU (U$1$); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1$691, 1$69U (U$11); y0ysdsd, ow69, PYv69 OnA ta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 ’, art69 II (U$1$); I0tao0opysai, I0t69, PYv69 CytY tit69 III, Wh69 TF1 (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi ’A1 (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69Ff69$T$ (U$11); cYxA a0emy0AborYmmY, fr69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1$ (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$U$ (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY Wh69 31 (U$11); wYfA phai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfA1 (U$$3); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11); wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); wy0mA eyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 -, art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII; NYwonu, N69M69, dY069 Onta0o0cYi §’:UAU3 (U$1$); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, Wh69 1f, art69 iI (U$11); N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §’TAUF (133$); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§-A$T, ’691A. (U$11); Oouso0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A$-AFU$ (U$11); OusoA hyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY tit69 f, T3 (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’’ (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §§fA., fA1$ (U$11); 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §§’FT69$U, 31169$-69J69U (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1f- (U$11); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T (U$11); PosYaeh, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1UAF$$1, 1UAF$$- (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr OnA ta0o0cYi §F$A1U, F$A13 (no kate listek); SocnYfY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §3A--AF-$ (U$11); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1T (U$1$); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1 (U$11); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$U (U$11); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 . (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1. (U$11); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$, 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §T$T69$.(a)(-); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 -, art69 iI (U$11); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k)(e) (U$11); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T, app69 J (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U691 (no kate listek); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11); qy0uYni, N69q69, §’TAUF (133$)69 2. )oning Regzlations bourteen Wities regulate WhiW8ens primarily unker their 4oning lafs69U$3 hHese Wities are muWh more li8ely to su2A stantially restriWt raising hens69U1$ It also ma8es it muWh more ki&DVWult for a resikent to ketermine fhether he Wan legally raise WhiW8ens69 SuWh a resikent must not only ketermine in fhat 4one WhiW8ens may 2e raisek, 2ut he must also ketermine fhether his property falls fithin that 4one69 hHese lafs also tenk to sof unneWessary Wonfusion69 bor instanWe, cu22oW8 Texasz laf on paper foulk seem to allof for hens, 2ut the Wity has exploitek its vagaries to 2an 2aW8yark WhiW8ens69 cu22oW8 Wreates a loop fithin its orkinanWes 2y proviking fithin the animal seWtion of its Woke that WhiW8ens are allofek if the 4oning orkinanWe permits it,U11 ank then proviking in its 4oning orkinanWe that WhiW8ens are allofek if the animal Woke permits it69U1U hHe cu22oW8 Wity Wler8 resolvek the loop 2y stating that the Wity interprets these provisions to entirely 2an WhiW8ens fithin the Wity69U1F binally, Wities that regulate WhiW8ens primarily through 4oning lafs ko so, presumptively, 2eWause they fant to restriWt raising WhiW8ens to Wertain 4ones69 hHis, hofever, Wan Wause unneWessary WompliWations69 Paising WhiW8ens is not only for resikential 2aW8yarks69 BeWause of keWlining population ank ur2an renefal projeWts in many Wities, ur2an farms, mar8et garkens, ank Wommunity garkens are loWatek in other 4ones, inWluking 2usiness, WommerA Wial, ank even inkustrial 4ones69 EaWh time these farms or garkens foulk li8e to akk a fef WhiW8ens, they foulk have to petition the Wity for a 4oning varianWe or see8 a Whange in the laf69 hHis is not an e&DVWient use of a Wityzs limitek resourWes69U1- In akkition, other regulations pertaining to WhiW8ens, suWh as set2aW8s, Woop WonstruWtion, or sanitary reKuireA ments, Wan get lost among the many 2uilking regulations fithin the 4oning Woke69 Zoning Wokes are generally fritten for an expert aukienWe of 2usinesses, 2uilkers, ank kevelA opers, ank not for the lay aukienWe that foulk Womprise U$369 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$ (U$11); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F; bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1UAU$T691A1UAU$.69T (U$11); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$- (U$11); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); Mocuiy0A vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY tit69 XIII, Wh69 -’U, tit69 XiII, Wh69 ’T’ (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1U69$1, 1U69$TA1U69$3 (U$11); cdbbycu, TYx69, Camr CytY §-69$.69$$1 (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); ip. §.69U3; SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU; 7oih69, wd069 CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ (U$11); ip. tit69 1.; ip. §369TU; ShnYvYpynm, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$’ (U$11); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.C69F1$691$$69 U1$69 Jnaheim, Birmingham, MaW8sonville, ank cu22oW8 either 2an hens altoA gether or restriWt hens to Wertain 4ones69 See J0ohYaf §1f69Ff69$F$; Banfa0eA hof §U69-691; Mocuiy0vassY tit69 XiIII, Wh69 -’U, tit69 XiII, Wh69 ’T’; cdbbycu §-69$.69$$169 U1169 cdbbycu §-69$.69$$169 U1U69 Ip69 §-$69$F69F1$F69 U1F69 See Intervief fith cu22oW8 Wity Wler8 (on flle fith author)69 U1-69 E.h69, SWhinkler, fuNra note 1f1, ’fA.1 (arguing that the movement tofark ur2an agriWulture shoulk Wause Wities to reWonsiker EuWlikean 4oning 2eWause suWh 4oning no longer serves the neeks of the Wities ank its resikents)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 36 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10903 WhiW8en ofners69U1T If Wities are WonWernek a2out raising WhiW8ens too near 2usinesses or neigh2ors, other regulaA tions li8e set2aW8s from the street ank neigh2oring properA ties Wan ameliorate this WonWern fithout having to inWluke the regulation in the 4oning Woke69 Pegulations plaWek fithin the animal Woke, as kesWri2ek a2ove, are generally in one plaWe ank often fithin a single orkinanWe69 hHis leaks to a 2etter unkerstanking of the laf for WhiW8en ofners ank, thus, easier enforWement for Wity o&DVWials69 Lnless the 4oning regulations have a su2seWtion kevotek speWiflWally to animals, li8e the ones in Spo8aneU1’ or dreens2oro,U1. the most sensi2le plaWe for regulating WhiW8ens is fithin the animal Woke69 3. Lealt: Tode Jnother popular plaWe fithin a muniWipalityzs Woke to regulate WhiW8ens is fithin the health Woke69 Seven WitA ies regulate WhiW8ens primarily fithin the health Woke69U1f wany of these, hofever, have a separate seWtion WonWernA ing animals or animalArelatek 2usinesses fithin the health Woke69U13 Jgain, unless the Woke has suWh a separate seWtion WonWerning animals, the 2etter plaWe to regulate is fithin the animal Woke69 P. Ot:er Of the remaining Wities, there is very little uniformity69 Tfo, Boston ank Colum2us, regulate through permit seWtions fithin their Wokiflek orkinanWes69UU$ BeWause these Wities reKuire permits to 8eep WhiW8ens ank give a great keal of kisWretion to Wity o&DVWials to grant or keny permits on a WaseA2yAWase 2asis, loWating a WhiW8en regulation fithin the permit seWtion of the Wokiflek orkinanWe ma8es sense for those Wities69 But, as arguek later, allofing suWh kisWretion is neither a gook use of Wity resourWes nor a fair ank Wonsistent fay to regulate WhiW8ens69 hHe only other pattern fithin these orkinanWes is that tfo other Wities—BuG?alo ank Tampa—regulate WhiW8ens U1T69 See cea S69 iankerielke, hocalKnowlephe,hehalKnowlephe,anpZoninhhaw, Iywo c69 PYv69, way 133$, at 1$T. (kesWri2ing 4oning laf as “arWane”)69 Jlso, the sheer num2er of laf treatises for 4oning lafs kemonstrates that 4oning lafs reKuire expertise to navigate69 E.h., 5omnacao Sosua0, JfYnaco0 cow yg Zy0a0e (Tth ek69 U$1U); Mdsao0 Cy0not MdYneY0ifYrYn & Thyfoi E69 PybYnmi, co0t LiY 5so00a0e o0t fYvYsypfY0m PYedsomay0 cow (Uk ek69 U$$F); Etwont 69 ZaYesYn Mn69, Pomhuypgzi mhY cow yg Zy0a0e o0t 5so00a0e (-th ek69 U$1U)69 U1’69 Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY tit69 1.C co0t LiY Smo0tonti, Wh69 1.C69F1$ J0afos fYYpa0e (no kate listek)69 U1.69 dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11)69 U1f69 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF (U$11); CsYvYA so0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §§U$T69$-, F-.69$U (U$11); CyA sdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY tit69 III, Wh69 UU1 (U$11); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AU1 (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11)69 U1369 E.h., So0 faYey §-U69$.$3; CsYvYso0t §§U$-69$-, F-.69$U; Tocyfo §T69F69$1$69 UU$69 Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$); Cysdfbdi tit69 III, Wh, UU169 unker the property maintenanWe area of the Woke69UU1 hHis is not an ikeal plaWe to loWate suWh an orkinanWe, 2eWause potential WhiW8en ofners are unli8ely to loo8 for WhiW8en regulations there69 binally, one Wity—Jrlington, Texas—plaWes its WhiW8en regulations in a seWtion of the Woke entitlek sale ank 2reekA ing of animals69UUU BeWause 2aW8yark WhiW8en ofners generA ally ko not raise their WhiW8ens for sale, ank also li8ely ko not Wonsiker themselves to 2e 2reekers, this area of the Woke is not fellAsuitek to this regulation69 v. How vhthes gebilate vChckens 1. T:ickens Are DeHKned as uets or DoMestic AniMals Seven Wities—fallas, Inkianapolis, MaW8sonville, Nef Orleans, 5lano, Paleigh, ank Spo8ane—keflne WhiW8ens as komestiW animals or pets, ank thus su2jeWt them to the same enWlosure ank nuisanWe regulations as other komesA tiW animals li8e Wats ank kogs69UUF hHese Witiesz orkinanWes appear to 2e longAstanking ank fere not reWently mokiflek in response to the 2aW8yark WhiW8en movement69UU- 7hile many Wities may fant to more expliWitly regulate WhiW8ens, this is a for8a2le approaWh69 deneral nuisanWe lafs alreaky regulate things li8e okor ank noise69UUT 7hile many regulaA tions partiWular to WhiW8ens kupliWate nuisanWe orkinanWes, it is unWlear fhether suWh kupliWation aWtually rekuWes nuiA sanWes69 wore preWise reKuirements on sanitation, Woop stanA karks, set2aW8s, ank permits may signal to WhiW8en ofners that the Wity is serious a2out regulating WhiW8ens, proteWtA ing neigh2ors, ank proteWting the health ank fellA2eing of WhiW8ens69 But, as WhiW8ens regain prevalenWe in ur2an areas, Wities that regulate WhiW8ens as pets or komestiW aniA mals may flnk that—through inertia—they have ta8en the most e&DVWient approaWh, 2oth in terms of preserving Wity resourWes ank Wur2ing potential nuisanWes69 2. hpace ReIzireMents Of the 3- Wities that allof for raising WhiW8ens, F1 of them impose restriWtions 2asek upon hof 2ig the property is, either expliWitly through lot si4e reKuirements, or impliWitly through 4oning reKuirements69UU’ Of those, 1’ Wities restriWt UU169 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11 (U$$3); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f)69 UUU69 Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U (U$1$)69 UUF69 fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11); I0tao0opysai, I0t69, PYv69 CytY tit69 III, Wh69 TF1691$1 (U$11); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY §’T’691’$1 (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA U691 (U$11); PosYaeh, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1UAF$$1 (U$11); 5soA 0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1f- (U$11); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.C69F1$691$$ (no kate listek)69 UU-69 SuNra note UUF. UUT69 Every Wity surveyek hak general nuisanWe provisions in its Woke regulating okor ank noise69 UU’69 Cities that impose lot si4e reKuirements: Jnaheim, Clevelank, bort 7ayne, bremont, darlank, dreens2oro, Nashville, Norfol8, O8lahoma, 5hilakelA phia, 5hoenix, 5itts2urgh, PiWhmonk, PoWhester, StoW8ton, ank Tampa69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$ (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 37 42 ELR 10904 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 2asek on lot si4e ank 1. restriWt 2asek on 4oning69 hHis akks up to FF, rather than F1, 2eWause tfo Wities restriWt 2asek on 2oth lot si4e ank 4oning69UU. hHese restriWtions range from kraWonian, praWtiWally 2anning WhiW8ens in most of the Wity 2y restriWting WhiW8ens to extremely large lots,UUf to extremely li2eral, allofing up to F$ WhiW8ens per U-$ sKuare feet—or F$ WhiW8ens in an area approximately the si4e of a large 2ekroom69UU3 Js kisWussek 2elof, an akkiA tional 1$ Wities shoulk 2e Wonsikerek unfrienkly to 8eepA ing hens 2eWause, fhile they ko allof WhiW8ens unker some WirWumstanWes, those WirWumstanWes are restriWtek to very large lots or agriWulturally 4onek lank69UF$ a. (ot hiSe ReIzireMents Of the 1T Wities that restriWt 2asek on lot si4e only, six of them restriWt WhiW8ens to property that is one aWre or more: Nashville, Norfol8, O8lahoma City, 5hilakelphia, 5itts2urgh, ank PiWhmonk69UF1 Nashville, Norfol8, ank 5itts2urgh appear to limit WhiW8ens to property of more than flve aWres, fhiWh in any ur2an area is a praWtiWal 2an69 CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U (U$11); bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1T.691$- (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); dnYY0iA byny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); NoihvassYAfoA vatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §1.A1’AFF$ (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§-A$T, ’691A. (U$11); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §T3A3FT$(W) (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA1$ (U$11); 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’FT69$U, 31169$-69J69U (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §§F$A1U, F$A13 (no kate listek); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1’69f$69$’$ (U$11); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f)69 Cities that impose 4oning reA striWtions: Ba8ersflelk, Birmingham, Chesapea8e, fallas, bresno, dlenkale, Jri4ona, dreens2oro, ialeah, MaW8sonville, cos Jngeles, wakison, wemA phis, wontgomery, San fiego, Shreveport, StoW8ton, ank iirginia BeaWh69 BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY tit69 1. (U$11); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0A a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Zy0a0e art69 F (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY Wh69 1U (U$11); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §§T691FU f T69U1U (U$11); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 3f (U$11); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY Wh69 ’T’ (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1U69$1, 1U69$TA1U69$3 (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 1’ (U$$3); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi, app69 C, art69 iII (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11); ShnYvYpynm, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$’ (U$11); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$, 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T, app69 J (U$11)69 UU.69 dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); SmycuA my0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$ f 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11)69 UUf69 E.h., NoihvassYAfovatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §§fA1UA$U$, 1.A1’AFF$ (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11)69 UU369 See PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §§F$A1U, F$A13 (no kate listek)69 UF$69 Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §§1$691, 1$69U (U$11); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY §’T’69FF1(U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 -, art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII; Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi, app69 J, art69 II §-A$69T (U$11); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §T3A3FT$ (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T, app69 J (U$11)69 UF169 NoihvassYAfovatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §1.A1’AFF$(2) (U$11); 5ammiA bdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’FT69$U, 31169$-69J69U (U$11); 5haso69, 5o69, CytY §1$A11U (U$11); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §T3A 3FT$ (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11)69 Norfol8 appears to allof for an exWeption to the flveAaWre minimumUFU 2y allofing a foulkA2e WhiW8en ofner to proWure a permit to 8eep hens,UFF 2ut in praWtiWe, the Wity fill not issue this permit to WhiW8en ho22yists69UF- But, as kisWussek 2elof, Nashville ank 5itts2urgh have interpretek their restriWtive orkinanWes to allof for WhiW8ens on muWh smaller parWels of property69 In Nashville, the 4oning Woke Won[]iWts fith the health Woke, ank the health Woke apparently fon out69 hHe 4oning orkinanWe limits “Wommon komestiW farm animals” to a lot si4e of flve aWres or more, 2ut the orkinanWe koes not keflne fhat Kualifles as a Wommon komestiW farm animal69UFT NashA villezs health Woke, 2y Wontrast, speWiflWally allofs for WhiW8A ens, as long as they ko not Wreate a nuisanWe69UF’ Nashville issuek a memorankum in U$$3 proviking that the Boark of Zoning Jppeals helk that the health Woke ta8es preWekenWe over the 4oning Woke69UF. In so holking, the Boark allofek a property ofner to 8eep her WhiW8ens, 2eWause their ofner Wonsikerek them to 2e pets ank the WhiW8ens kik not Wreate a nuisanWe69UFf In 5itts2urgh, fhile agriWultural uses fere limitek to property of flve aWres or more, li8e Nashville, the Woke kik not speWiflWally keflne fhether raising WhiW8ens fas Wonsikerek an agriWultural use69UF3 5itts2urgh, thus, foulk allof WhiW8en 8eepers to see8 a varianWe for raising WhiW8A ens on property of less than flve aWres69U-$ Jpparently, though it is not yet Wokiflek, 5itts2urgh reWently make it muWh easier to raise WhiW8ens, ank also 2ees, 2y allofing up to three hens ank tfo 2eehives on property of U,$$$ sKuare feet or more69U-1 So, 2oth Nashville ank 5itts2urgh, fhile appearing to 2an WhiW8ens, have 2eWome WhiW8enAfrienkly69 hHe next most restriWtive orkinanWe is in 5hilakelphia69 5hilakelphia restriWts WhiW8ens to property of three aWres or more69 5hilakelphia, hofever, apparently means it69 In 5hilakelphia, the Woke speWiflWally keflnes poultry as a farm animal,U-U ank only allofs farm animals on a parWel of property of three aWres or more69U-F UFU69 Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY, app69 J, §-A$T (U$11) (“ExWept as otherfise notek, there shall 2e no raising or 8eeping of 69 69 69 poultry, fofl, 69 69 69 on less than flve aWres69”)69 UFF69 Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11) (allofing for a person fishing to raise poultry to proWure a permit issuek 2y the kepartment of pu2liW health)69 UF-69 Jmelia Ba8er, BackHarpCWickenfxmowYou’reCluckinh, Jsmfoasr, Mune U, U$1$, http://fff69altkaily69Wom/features/fook/2aW8yarkAWhiW8ensAnofA youreAWluW8ing69html (proviking that the Wity fill only issue permits for sentinel WhiW8ens that the Wity has on surveillanWe to WheW8 for mosKuitoA 2orne kiseases)69 UFT69 NoihvassYAfovatiy0 §1.691’69FF$(2)69 UF’69 Ip. §f691U69$U$69 UF.69 wemo from Mohn Cooper, fireWtor wetropolitan CounWil O&DVWe, to Jll wem2ers of wetropolitan CounWil (Sept69 1, U$$3) (on flle fith author)69 UFf69 Ip69 UF369 5ammibdneh §31169$-69 U-$69 fiana Nelson Mones, OrpinanceCWanhefBotWerKeeNerfofBeefanpCWickenf, 5ammibdneh 5yim dozYmmY, be269 f, U$1$, http://fff69postAga4ette69Wom/ pg/1$$F3/1$F-U3FATF69stm69 U-169 fiana Nelson Mones, PittfburhWUrbanCooNTourtoBegelpSunpaH, 5ammibdneh 5yim dozYmmY, Mune 3, U$11, http://fff69postAga4ette69Wom/ pg/111’$/11TUUF-AF-69stm69 U-U69 5haso69 §1$A1$$69 U-F69 Ip. §1$A11U69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 38 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10905 O8lahoma City ank PiWhmonk 2oth reKuire at least one aWre69 O8lahoma City restriWts raising WhiW8ens to propA erty that is at least one aWre, 2ut apparently if the property ofner has one aWre, there is no restriWtion on hof many WhiW8ens Wan 2e 8ept on that aWre69U-- PiWhmonk reKuires T$,$$$ sKuare feet, or slightly more sKuare footage than the -F,T’$ sKuare feet in an aWre69U-T Jfter these, the lot si4es are far more lenient69 Tfo Wities, darlank ank StoW8ton, reKuire at least ½ aWre69U-’ hHree Wities, bremont, dreens2oro, ank 5hoenix, reKuire 2etfeen ’,$$$ ank 1$,$$$ sKuare feet, or 2etfeen a little less than 1/f to a little less than 1/- aWre69U-. Jnk four WitA ies, Jnaheim, Clevelank, PoWhester, ank Tampa, reKuire 2etfeen U-$ to 1,f$$ sKuare feet, or from not muWh larger than a shek to a2out the si4e of a mokern master 2ekroom69U-f So, out of the 1T Wities that restriWt 2asek on lot si4e, the majority of them allof most resikents to raise 2aW8yark WhiW8ens69 0. )oning ReIzireMents Seventeen Wities restriWt WhiW8ens to Wertain 4ones69 Of these, three of the Wities restriWt WhiW8ens only to lank 4onek for agriWultural use: Birmingham, ialeah, ank iirginia BeaWh69U-3 hHree more Wities restriWt WhiW8ens to agriWultural or very lofAkensity resikential 4ones: Chesapea8e, MaW8sonA ville, ank wontgomery69UT$ hHus, six of the 1. Wities Wonflne WhiW8ens to so fef 4ones that it exWlukes the possi2ility of raising WhiW8ens for most families69 hHe remaining eleven Wities, hofever, fhile still restriWtA ing WhiW8ens to Wertain 4ones, allof WhiW8ens in many or most resikential 4ones69UT1 fallas only applies 4oning U--69 Ousohyfo Camr §T3Af1T$ (keflnitions); ip. §T3A3FT$ (Wonflning to one aWre)69 U-T69 Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff(2) (U$11)69 U-’69 donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1’69f$69$’$ (U$11)69 U-.69 bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11) (’,$$$ sK69 ft69); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11) (.,$$$ sK69 ft69); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(2) (U$11) (1$,$$$ sK69 ft69)69 U-f69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$ (U$11) (1,f$$ sK69 ft); CsYvYA so0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U (U$11) (f$$ sK69 ft69 for resiA kential, ank -$$ for WommerWial); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A1U, F$A13 (no kate listek) (U-$ sK69 ft69); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f) (1,$$$ sK69 ft69)69 U-369 Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1$691 f 1$69U (U$11); ianea0ao BYoch, io69, Camr CytY §TAT-T app69 J (U$11)69 UT$69 ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); ip. Zy0a0e art69 F; Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY tit69 XIII, Wh69 -’U, tit69 XiII, Wh69 ’T’ (U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi app69 C, art69 iII (U$11)69 UT169 BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1.691U69$1$APS f 1.69FU69$U$ (U$11) (permitting WhiW8ens in agriWulture ank resikential su2ur2an areas); fosA soi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11) (reKuiring WhiW8ens that are raisek for WommerWial purposes to 2e on agriWulturally 4onek lank, otherfise WhiW8ens are regulatek as pets); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1UAU$-6911A1UAU$.69T (U$11) (proviking kiG?erent set2aW8s kepenking on 4one); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§T691FU f T69U1U (U$11) (restriWting poultry to rural resikential ank su2ur2an resikential 4ones); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11) (allofing WhiW8ens as an aWWessory on singleAfamily ketaWhek kfellings on PAF, EAT, PA., PwA3, PwA1U, ank PwA1f kistriWts); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1U69$1, 1U69$TA1U69$3 (U$11) (allofing WhiW8ens in agriWultural ank reKuirements if WhiW8ens are 2eing raisek for WommerWial purposes69UTU wemphis merely applies kiG?erent 2uilking restriWtions for Woops kepenking on the 4one69UTF Jnk tfo Wities employ 4oning lafs to augment the area fhere WhiW8A ens are allofek: Clevelank ank StoW8ton speWiflWally allof raising WhiW8ens in inkustrially 4onek areas69UT- c. Gzlti-FaMily qnits Tfo Wities, winneapolis ank Nefar8, speWiflWally regulate multiAfamily kfellings suWh as apartments69 Both of these Wities reKuire permits, 2ut fill not grant one to Wertain multiAfamily kfellings69 winneapolis fill not grant a perA mit to someone fho lives in a multiAfamily home fith four or more kfelling units69UTT Nefar8 fill not grant one to anyone living in any multiAfamily home69UT’ d. qsing (ot hiSe to DeterMine t:e ,zM0er of T:ickens wany other Wities ko not restriWt WhiW8ens to Wertain lot si4es, 2ut use lot si4e to ketermine hof many WhiW8ens a property Wan have69 hHere is no uniformity to these orkiA nanWes69 Some orkinanWes set a maximum num2er of WhiW8ens for property of a Wertain si4e ank unker, ank then allof for more WhiW8ens as the property si4e inWreases69 bor instanWe, Seattle allofs up to eight WhiW8ens for lots unker 1$,$$$ sKuare, ank one more WhiW8en for eaWh akkitional 1,$$$ sKuare feet69UT. bremont has an intriWate step system, fith four WhiW8ens for at least ’,$$$ sKuare feet, six for at least f,$$$ sKuare feet, 1$ for at least 1$,$$$, U$ for at least ½ aWre, ank UT for more than one aWre69UTf Piversike allofs for up to four WhiW8ens on property 2etfeen .,U$$ ank -$,$$$ sKuare feet ank up to 1U on property -$,$$$ sKuare feet or more in resikentially 4onek areas69UT3 Some Wities keWike the num2er of WhiW8ens 2asek on 4oning69 El 5aso allofs for up to six WhiW8ens on lank not 4onek agriWultural69U’$ Tulsa allofs up to six akults ank 1- WhiW8s unker eight fee8s of age on lank not 4onek agriWulA resikential kistriWts inWluking kistriWts 4onek J1, JU, PJ, PE, PS P1, ank Pw5); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); ip. §.69U3; ip. §369TU (allofing WhiW8ens in 2oth resikential ank WommerA Wial kistriWts); wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 1’, app69 J (U$$3) (applying Womplex 4oning reKuirements for out2uilkings to WhiW8en Woops); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11) (using 4oning to keflne kiG?erent 8inks of set2aW8s, 2ut allofing WhiW8ens in most 4ones); ShnYvYpynm, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$’ (U$11) (allofing poultry raising in resikential ank agriWultural kistriWts 2y right, ank in most other 4ones through a speWial exWeption from the 4oning 2oark) Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$, 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11) (allofing WhiW8ens in resikenA tial ank inkustrially 4onek areas)69 UTU69 fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1691 (U$11)69 UTF69 wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi tit69 1’ (U$$3)69 UT-69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U (U$11); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1’69f$69$’$ (U$11)69 UTT69 wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$(W) (U$11)69 UT’69 NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAFF (U$1$)69 UT.69 SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(C) (U$11)69 UTf69 bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11)69 UT369 PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69U- (U$11)69 U’$69 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$(B) (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 39 42 ELR 10906 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 tural69U’1 Neither Wity restriWts the amount of WhiW8ens on agriWulturally 4onek lank69U’U Insteak of using sKuare footage or 4oning, many Wities kivike 2y aWre69 hHese orkinanWes range 2etfeen four to 1U WhiW8ens for property unker ½ aWre69 bor instanWe, bort 7orth allofs for no more than 1U WhiW8ens on lots unker ½ aWre, no more than U$ on lots 2etfeen ½ ank one aWre, ank no more than T$ on lots of one aWre or more69U’F wesa City allofs for 1$ rokents or fofl on ½ aWre or less, ank an akkitional 1$ for eaWh ½ aWre, 2ut no longer limits the num2er of WhiW8ens after U ½ aWres69U’- couisville allofs for flve WhiW8ens on property of less than ½ aWre, ank no limit a2ove that69U’T Jrlington provikes for four on less than ½ aWre, 1$ for lots 2etfeen ½ ank one aWre, ank UT for lots over one aWre69U’’ Jnk, Charlotte reKuires a permit ank restriWts WhiW8ens to U$ per aWre69U’. fes woinesz orkinanWe employs a similar step system 2ut provikes for a mix of other livestoW869 It allofs for no more than F$ of any tfo speWies for property less than one aWre69 bor property greater than one aWre, one Wan have a total of T$ animals kivikek among up to six speWies69U’f cinWoln, Ne2ras8a, has one of the more uniKue WhiW8en orkinanWes fhen it Womes to limiting the num2er, in that it not only provikes for a maximum num2er of WhiW8ens, 2ut also a minimum69 It also speWifles the feight of the WhiW8A ens69 So, for property unker one aWre, fith a permit, a person Wan have seven to F$ WhiW8ens unker three pounks, three to U$ WhiW8ens 2etfeen three ank flve pounks, ank tfo to flve WhiW8ens 2etfeen flve ank U$ pounks69U’3 It allofs WhiW8en ofners to kou2le the num2er for eaWh akkitional aWre69 cinWolnzs orkinanWe shoulk 2e applaukek for reWogA ni4ing that WhiW8ens are []oW8 animals ank thus reKuire, at least, a minimum of tfo69 It shoulk also 2e applaukek for not penali4ing an ofner for 8eeping less than tfo ank only ma8ing it unlafful to 8eep num2ers greater than the maximum69U.$ Jfter all, if it penali4ek 8eeping less than a minimum num2er of WhiW8ens, cinWoln might 2e uniKue among Wities for ma8ing it unlafful not to 8eep WhiW8ens69 wore pro2lematiW are Wities that ko not allof ofners to ofn a minimum num2er of four WhiW8ens69 Several Wities allof one WhiW8en per a Wertain sKuare footage area69 dreensA 2oro provikes for one WhiW8en for every F,$$$ sKuare feet, as long as the area is greater than .,$$$ sKuare feet69U.1 JnaA heim allofs one WhiW8en for eaWh 1,f$$ sKuare feet, 2ut it koes provike that if the WalWulation results in more than half an animal, the ofner Wan rounk up to the next fhole U’169 Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(E) (U$11)69 U’U69 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$(B); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §U$$(J)69 U’F69 bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(W), (k), (e) (U$11)69 U’-69 wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AU1(J) (U$11)69 U’T69 cydaivassY/MYggYniy0 Cyd0mr wYmny CytY §3169$11 PYimnoa0m (f) (U$11)69 U’’69 Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U (U$1$)69 U’.69 ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W)(1), (g) (U$1$)69 U’f69 fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11)69 fes woines also allofs up to tfo fofl to 2e 8ept as pets69 Ip. §1fA1F’69 U’369 ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY t2l69 ’69$-69$-$ (U$11)69 U.$69 Ip. §’69$-69$-$(2)(1)69 U.169 dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F(B) (U$11)69 animal69U.U Tampa provikes flve per T,$$$ sKuare feet69 Jnk, Clevelank allofs for one WhiW8en for eaWh f$$ sKuare feet if resikential ank eaWh -$$ sKuare feet if WommerWial or inkustrial69U.F Clevelank, at least, has statek in its orkinanWe that these sKuare feet reKuirements are meant to allof six WhiW8ens on an averageAsi4ek Clevelank lot69 7hile many of these Wities provike a small enough WhiW8en to sKuare foot ratio that the average singleAfamily home shoulk 2e a2le to aWWommokate four or more WhiW8ens, this methok still leaves open the possi2ility that a WhiW8en ofner foulk 2e restriWtek to one or tfo WhiW8ens69 Jn orkinanWe that allofs only one WhiW8en per a Wertain area koes not ta8e into aWWount that WhiW8ens are []oW8 animals that ko not thrive fhen left alone69 3. (iMit ,zM0er of T:ickens wany other Wities limit the num2er of WhiW8ens any houseA holk Wan 8eep, no matter the si4e of the property69 hHirty Wities plaWe a simple limit on the num2er of WhiW8ens69U.- Of those Wities that simply limit the num2er of WhiW8ens, the average num2er they allof is 1U, the mekian num2er is nine, ank the most popular num2er is a tie 2etfeen four ank UT69U.T hHe lofest num2er is darlank ank onolulu fith tfo69U.’ Somefhat surprisingly, the highest num2er Womes from Mersey City—fith T$69U.. Mersey City Wollapses kuW8s ank pigeons fithin the restriWtion of T$ fofl69U.f MerA sey City also reKuires a permit to 8eep WhiW8ens69U.3 Jt least four Wities set a maximum num2er of WhiW8ens that Wan 2e ofnek 2efore it is neWessary to proWure a perA U.U69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$T$ (U$11)69 U.F69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(U) (U$11)69 U.-69 brom lofest to highest: y0ysdsd, ow69, PYv69 Onta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$) (tfo); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11) (tfo); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T(2) f (e) (U$11) (three); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$(J)(1) (U$11) (three); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11) (three); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11) (four); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F) (U$11) (four); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1T (U$1$) (four); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11) (four); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); ip. §.69U3; ip. §369TU (four); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11 (U$$3) (flve); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69f1T (U$$.) (six); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11) (six); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1T- (U$11) (six); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 ’, art69 II (U$1$) (seven); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi tit69 III, Wh69 F691691 (U$11) (nine); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11) (1$); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A 1f- (U$11) (1$); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-691F$ (U$11) (1U); JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF (U$11) (1T); fo0A ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(f) (U$11) (1T); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11) (1T); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$U$ (U$11) (U$); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A T’ (U$11) (U-); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11) (UT); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$f (U$11) (UT); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$) (UT); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e OntaA 0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (UT); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$F (U$11) (UT); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11) (T$)69 U.T69 SuNra note U.- ank aWWompanying text69 U.’69 donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11) (tfo); y0ysdsd, ow69, PYv69 Onta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$) (tfo)69 U..69 MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11)69 U.f69 Ip69 U.369 Ip69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 40 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10907 mit69Uf$ 7iWhita allofs three WhiW8ens, Santa Jna allofs four, ank San Mose ank El 5aso 2oth allof up to six69Uf1 hHis appears to 2e the most for8a2le system, 2eWause it ta8es into aWWount that there are kiG?erent levels of WhiW8enA8eepA ing in an ur2an agriWulture Wontext69 It provikes a 2rightA line rule for people fho fant small 2aW8yark []oW8s, fhile still allofing ofners of mar8et garkens, ur2an farms, or WhiW8en Wooperatives the opportunity to expank their operations fithout see8ing to Whange the orkinanWe69 It also Wonserves Wity resourWes 2y not forWing every foulkA2e WhiW8en ofner to proWure a permit69 binally, 2eWause there is no permit, it saves the Wity from any o2ligations to monitor the 2aW8yark operation69 If any pro2lem arises fith a small 2aW8yark []oW8, the Wity Wan rely on its nuisanWe lafs, or other set2aW8 or Woop reKuirements fithin the statute to resolve the pro2lem69 Some Wities alfays reKuire a permit, 2ut set a relatively high num2er of WhiW8ens allofek69 Js notek earlier, fith a permit, Mersey City allofs up to T$,UfU ank Boston ank wo2ile allof up to UT69UfF JWWorking to several Bostonians fho fant WhiW8ens, hofever, Boston koes not easily grant this permit69Uf- wiami allofs up to 1T hens fith a permit69UfT Some Wities ta8e a 2eltAankAsuspenkers approaWh ank reKuire 2oth a permit ank restriWt hens to a small num2er69 7ith a permit, wilfau8ee only allofs four,Uf’ ank SaWraA mento, three69Uf. Several other Wities, perhaps unkerstanking that the hens may oWWasionally 2e usek to prokuWe more WhiW8ens, allof Wonsikera2ly more WhiW8s than fullAgrofn WhiW8ens69 Both wiami ank fansas City allof only 1T grofn hens, 2ut wiami allofs F$ WhiW8s,Uff ank fansas City allofs T$69Uf3 Tulsa allofs seven akults ank 1- WhiW8s69U3$ ColoA rako Springs allofs 1$ hens ank an unlimitek num2er of WhiW8s69U31 Jnk darlank, even though it allofs only tfo hens, koes not limit the num2er of WhiW8s less than oneA month olk69U3U Jnk for pure eWWentriWity, ouston has the most interA esting restriWtion on the num2er of WhiW8ens69 ouston allofs up to seven hens if a person Wan present a fritten WertiflWation from a liWensek physiWian that the person neeks “fresh unfertili4ek WhiW8en eggs for serious reasons Uf$69 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T.(a) (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi tit69 . (U$$.); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11)69 Uf169 SeefuNranote Uf$69 UfU69 MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A. (U$11)69 UfF69 Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ, Zy0a0e art69 f No69 .T (U$1$); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$F (U$11)69 Uf-69 See,e.h., cYeosazY ChacuY0i a0 Byimy0, http://legali4eWhiW8ensin2oston69 org/ (last visitek Muly T, U$1U) (stating that the Wity of Boston kenies WhiW8en permits ank see8ing a more reasona2le legislative solution to regulate WhiW8A ens in Boston)69 UfT69 waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11)69 Uf’69 waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11)69 Uf.69 SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$(a)(1) (U$11)69 Uff69 waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11)69 Uf369 fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(f) (U$11)69 U3$69 Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k), (e) (U$11)69 U3169 Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11)69 U3U69 donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11)69 pertaining to saik personzs health69”U3F hHis orkinanWe fas passek in U$1$,U3- presuma2ly 2eWause oustonites fere a2le to shof that fresh eggs help alleviate Wertain mekiA Wal ailments69 P. het0acks Set2aW8s are, 2y far, the most popular fay to regulate WhiW8ens69 SixtyAthree Wities have some sort of set2aW8 reKuirement in their orkinanWes69 hHe most popular set2aW8 is a set2aW8 from a neigh2oring kfelling: T’ Wities reKuire that WhiW8ens ank WhiW8ens Woops 2e 8ept a Wertain kistanWe from other resikenWes69U3T hHe next most popular is a set2aW8 U3F69 ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AFf (U$1$)69 U3-69 Ip. U3T69 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3UA1f (U$11) (1$$ ft69); J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$U$U (U$11) (T$ ft69); J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§U169-$69$’$ f U169-$69$f$ (U$11) (UTA1$$ ft); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U (U$1$) (T$ ft69); Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11) (T$ ft69); JdiA ma0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F69U691’ (U$11) (T$ ft69); BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1.691U69$1$ PAS (U$11) (T$ ft69); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-AUU- (W)(1)(2) (U$11) (T$ ft69); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (F$$ ft69 from resikenWe or 1$$ ft69 from any resikential struWture); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ, Zy0a0e, art69 f, No69 .T (U$1$) (1$$ ft69); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3) (U$ ft69 from koor or finkof); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1T- (U$11) (1$$ ft69 if not enWlosek); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11) (UT ft69); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$F$ (U$11) (F$ ft69); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(2) f (f) (U$11) (T$ ft69); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1U69U$.69T (U$11) (-$ ft69); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11) (F$ ft69); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$F$ (U$11) (T$ ft69 from kfelling or 1$$ ft69 from sWhool or hospital); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, art69 T (U$1$) (1$$ ft69); dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU (U$1$) (1$$ ft69 from any kfelling unit, fell, spring, stream, krainage kitWh, or krain); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F(B) (U$11) (T$ ft69); aosYoh, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69- (U$11) (1$$ ft69); y0ysdsd, ow69, PYv69 Onta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$) (F$$ ft69); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF1 (U$1$) (1$$ ft69); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11) (UT ft69); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11) (1$$ ft69); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11) (T$ ft69); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$F$ (U$11) (T$ ft69); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§TF69Tf f TF69T3 (U$11) (fepartment of Jnimal ServiWes promulgatek regulations that reKuire WhiW8en Woops to 2e FT ft69 from neigh2orzs kfelling ank U$ ft69 from ofnerzs kfelling); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek) (UT ft69); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AU1(g) f (h) (U$11) (-$ ft69); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11) (1$$ ft69); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F)(g)A(j) (U$11) (UT ft69); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§.Aff f .A1$F (U$11) (1T$ ft69 if not grankfatherek in); NoihvassYAfovatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §1.A1’AFF$(B) (U$11) (UT$ ft69); N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §1’169$3 (133$) (UT ft69); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAFT (U$1$) (U$ ft69); OouA so0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A$-AFU$ (U$11) (U$ ft69); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY T3A3FT$ (U$11) (U$$ ft69); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA. (U$11) (f$ ft69); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11) (T$$ ft69); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ (U$11); ip. tit69 1. (T$ ft69); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13( ) (no kate listek) (UT ft69); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11) (U$ ft69); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3(W) (U$11) (1$$ ft69 or T$ ft69 fith permit); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11) (T$ ft69); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(2) (U$11) (U$ ft69 from koor or finkof); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69f1T (U$$.) (U$ ft69 2ut more if have more WhiW8ens); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cA Yi §TA1f (U$11) (1$$ ft69); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11) (1$ ft69); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1 (U$11) (1$$ ft69 unless have permission from neigh2ors); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§’69$-69-U$, 1’69f$69$’$ (U$11) (T$ ft69); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11) (T$ ft69 unless have permission from neigh2ors); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f) (U$$ ft69); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 41 42 ELR 10908 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 from the property line: U$ Wities reKuire WhiW8ens to 2e 8ept afay from the neigh2orzs property, even if the neigh2orzs aWtual house is muWh further afay69U3’ hHree Wities reKuire a set2aW8 from the street69U3. Six Wities 2an WhiW8ens from the front yark69U3f hHis akks up to more than ’F, 2eWause sevA eral Wities employ more than one 8ink of set2aW869 binally, several Wities have uniKue set2aW8 reKuirements that fill 2e kisWussek later69 a. het0acks FroM ,eig:0oring Bzildings Of the T’ Wities that reKuire that WhiW8ens 2e 8ept a WerA tain kistanWe afay from neigh2oring resikenWes,U33 the setA 2aW8s range from 1$F$$ to T$$ feet69F$1 hHe average of all of the set2aW8s is f$ feet,F$U although only one Wity, 5hoenix, aWtually has a set2aW8 of f$ feet69F$F hHe mekian ank the moke are 2oth T$ feet69F$- hHe average is higher than 2oth the mekian ank the moke, 2eWause several Wities that also reKuire large lots, or agriWulturally 4onek lank, also have very large set2aW8s69F$T hHe moke, the most Wommon setA yg Onta0o0cYi §-AT. (U$11) (T$ ft69); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(a) f (2) (no kate listek) (T$ ft69)69 U3’69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$U$U (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-AUU-(W)(1)(2) (U$11) (1$ ft69 from property line); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (1$$ ft69 from property line); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3) (1f inWhes from rear lot); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$) (UT ft69 from property line); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(B) (U$11) (T ft69 from sike yark ank 1f inWhes from rear yark); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1UAU$’691 (U$11) (1$$ ft69 from property line); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11) (UT ft69 from property line); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, OntaA 0o0cY CytY §’T’69-$1 (U$11) (T$ ft69 from property line); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(f) (U$11) (UT ft69 from property line); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 - art69 I (U$11); ip. app69 C, art69 iII (U$$ ft69 from property line); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FAU$- (U$11) (T ft69 from property line); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T(2) f (e) (U$11) (T$ ft69 from resikenWe or 2usiness fhere fook is preparek); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11) (1$ ft69 from property line); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f) (U$$ ft69 from property line); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k) f (e) (U$11) (T$ ft69, 2ut 1$$ ft69 if 4onek agriWultural); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(a) f (2) (no kate listek) (UT$ ft69 unless have neigh2orzs Wonsent)69 U3.69 BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1.691U69$1$APS (U$11) (1$$ ft69); BanA fa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (F$$ ft69); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ, Zy0a0e, art69 f, No69 .T (U$1$) (1$$ ft69)69 U3f69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytaA gaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(B) (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F)(g)A(j) (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA. (U$11); SocnoA fY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11)69 U3369 SeefuNranote U3T69 F$$69 SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11)69 F$169 Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11)69 SinWe PiWhmonk also reKuires an aWre of lank to even ofn WhiW8ens, this set2aW8 koesnzt exA Wluke any akkitional foulkA2e WhiW8en ofners69 F$U69 SeefuNra note U3T69 F$F69 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA1$ (U$11) (f$ ft69 unless have permission from neigh2or)69 F$-69 SeefuNra note U3T69 F$T69 Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (F$$ ft69); y0yA sdsd, ow69, PYv69 Onta0o0cYi §.AU69T(k) (133$) (F$$ ft69); ank Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11) (T$$ ft69)69 2aW8, Womprises 1. Wities69F$’ Jfter that, the most popular set2aW8s are the follofing: • bifteen Wities have set2aW8s of less than F$ feet, fith tfo at F$ feet,F$. seven at UT feet,F$f six at U$ feet,F$3 ank one at 1$ feet69F1$ • hHirteen Wities have set2aW8s of 1$$ feet69F11 Of those, three of them allof for smaller set2aW8 unker Wertain Wonkitions: St69 5eters2urg fill allof for a smaller setA 2aW8 if the ofner see8s permission from neigh2oring property ofners; San Jntonio fill allof for a smaller set2aW8 fith a permit; ank Corpus Christi fill allof for a smaller set2aW8 if the Woop is enWlosek69F1U • Seven Wities have set2aW8s of more than 1$$ feet69F1F Of those, wo2ile, Jla2ama, has a 1T$Afoot set2aW8, 2ut allofs WhiW8en Woops that fere 2uilt 2efore the orkiA nanWe passek to 2e grankfatherek in69F1- O8lahoma City has a U$$Afoot set2aW8 ank, pu44lingly, fill faive these set2aW8s from horses, mules, kon8eys, ank pigs, 2ut not for WhiW8ens69F1T O8lahoma City also has an akkitional -$$Afoot set2aW8 for roosters69F1’ Several Wities fill shrin8 their set2aW8s unker Wertain Wonkitions69 In fhat appears to 2e a thoughtful approaWh to reKuiring a neigh2orzs Wonsent, four Wities provike a stankark set2aW8, 2ut provike relief from the set2aW8 if the ofner gets permission from his neigh2ors to 8eep WhiW8ens69F1. Jnk one Wity, San Jntonio, as mentionek F$’69 Jnaheim; Jrlington; Justin; Ba8ersflelk; Baton Pouge; bort 7orth; dlenkale, California; dreens2oro; cinWoln; cong BeaWh (2ut U$ if just hak one WhiW8en); 5ortlank; Piversike; San fiego; StoW8ton; TaWoma; TuWson; 7ashington69 F$.69 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$F$ (U$11) (F$ ft69, 2ut only U$ ft69 if separatek 2y a fenWe that is at least six ft69); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §UU691-(J) (U$11)69 F$f69 J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§U169-$69$’$ f U169-$69$f$ (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA-(h)(1) (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A’ (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11); N69q69C69, wd069 CytY §1’169$3 (133$) (for poultry mar8et Woops only—poultry not intenkek for sale is not regulatek); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13( ) (no kate listek)69 F$369 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAFT (U$1$); Oouso0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A $-AFU$ (U$11); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69f1T (U$$.) (applying set2aW8 to all small animals, not just WhiW8ens)69 F1$69 SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(C) (U$11)69 F1169 J8ron, Jtlanta, Boston, Corpus Christi, dlenkale, drank Papiks, ialeah, ouston, fansas City, wiami, San Jntonio, Santa Jna, St69 5eters2urg69 F1U69 Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1 (U$11) (1$$ ft69 unA less have permission from neigh2ors); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §TA1$3(W) (U$11) (1$$ ft69 or T$ ft69 fith permit); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1T- (U$11) (1$$ ft69 if not enWlosek)69 F1F69 wo2ile, O8lahoma, Tampa, Nashville, Birmingham, onolulu, PiWhmonk69 F1-69 wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.Aff(k) (U$11) (1T$ ft69 if not grankfatherek in), butfeeip. §.A1$F(k) (allofing for U$ ft69 from the propA erty line in a resikential area)69 F1T69 Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §T3A3FT$(b) f (I) (U$11)69 F1’69 Ip. §T3A3FT$( )69 F1.69 coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69Ff69$T$ (U$11) (F$$ ft69 fithout perA mission); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA1$ (U$11) (f$ ft69 fithout perA mission); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1(k) (U$11) (1$$ ft69 fithout permission); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §§T69F$69$1$ f T69F$69$F$ (U$11) (T$ ft69 fithout permission)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 42 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10909 a2ove, fill shrin8 its 1$$Afoot set2aW8 to T$ feet if a perA mit is seWurek69F1f Tfo Wities ko not frame the set2aW8 as from a neigh2orA ing resikenWe or 2uilking, 2ut more speWiflWally to a koor or a finkof of the 2uilking69 Both BuG?alo ank San branA WisWo have a U$Afoot set2aW8 from any koor or finkof of a 2uilking69F13 Several Wities keflne the set2aW8 more 2roakly than a neigh2oring kfelling, ank inWluke sWhools, hospitals, ank other 2usinesses fithin the set2aW869FU$ drank Papiks, wiWhigan, hofever, goes further; it has a 1$$Afoot set2aW8 from any “kfelling unit, fell, spring, stream, krainage kitWh or krain69”FU1 hHis, in eG?eWt, 2ans all WhiW8ens fithin the Wity69 0. het0acks FroM uroperty (ine Tfenty Wities mankate set2aW8s from the property line;FUU those set2aW8s range from 1f inWhesFUF to UT$ feet69FU- hHe average set2aW8 is T3 feet, 2ut no Wity aWtually has suWh a set2aW869 hHe Wlosest are MaW8sonville ank Tulsa, fhiWh 2oth have a set2aW8 of T$ feet69FUT Jgain, a fef Wities fith very large set2aW8s are raising the average69FU’ hHe mekian setA F1f69 So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11)69 F1369 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11 (U$$3); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11)69 FU$69 E.h., bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU (U$11); dsY0A tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-691F$ (U$11)69 FU169 dno0t Popati, wach69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §f69TfU(U) (U$1$)69 FUU69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$U$U (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-AUU-(W)(1)(2) (U$11) (1$ ft69 from property line); Banfa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.) (1$$ ft69 from property line); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3) (1f inWhes from rear lot); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$) (UT ft69 from property line); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(B) (U$11) (T ft69 from sike yark ank 1f inWhes from rear yark); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1UAU$’691 (U$11) (1$$ ft69 from property line); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11) (UT ft69 from property line); Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, OntaA 0o0cY CytY §’T’69-$1 (U$11) (T$ ft69 from property line); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(f) (U$11) (UT ft69 from property line); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 - art69 I (U$11); ip. at app69 C, art69 iII (U$$ ft69 from property line); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cA Yi §FAU$- (U$11) (T ft69 from property line); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T(2) f (e) (U$11) (T$ ft69 from resikenWe or 2usiness fhere fook is preparek); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ (U$11) (U$ ft69 from property line); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11) (1$ ft69 from property line); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f) (U$$ ft69 from property line); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k) f (e) (U$11) (T$ ft69, 2ut 1$$ ft69 if 4onek agriWultural); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(a) f (2) (no kate listek) (UT$ ft69 unless have neigh2orzs Wonsent)69 FUF69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3)69 FU-69 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69. (no kate listek) (UT$ ft69 set2aW8 fithout Wonsent of neigh2ors)69 FUT69 Mocuiy0vassY, bso69, Onta0o0cY CytY §’T’69-$1 (U$11) (T$ ft69 from propA erty line); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k), (e) (U$11)69 FU’69 Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §U$$(k), (e) (U$11) (U$$ ft69); TofA po, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.’ (U$$f) (U$$ ft69); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(a) f (2) (no kate listek) (UT$ ft69)69 2aW8 is UT feet69FU. Jnk the moke, or most popular, set2aW8 is tiek at either U$FUf or UT feet69FU3 7ashington, f69C69, fhiWh has the largest set2aW8 at UT$ feet, allofs relief from this set2aW8 if the ofner has his neigh2orzs Wonsent to 8eep WhiW8ens69FF$ c. het0acks FroM t:e htreet hHree Wities reKuire WhiW8ens to 2e 8ept afay from the street: Ba8ersflelk, Birmingham, ank Boston69FF1 Jll of these set2aW8s are relatively large, ranging from 1$$ to F$$ feet69 5resuma2ly, this is to stop WhiW8ens from 2eing 8ept in the front yark or on a Worner lot from a vantage point fhere passers2y Wan easily see the Woop69 Ba8ersflelk, provikes a speWiflW set2aW8 for Worner lots, reKuiring that WhiW8en Woops 2e 8ept at least 1$ feet afay from the street sike of a Worner lot69FFU Jnother fay that Wities ko this, perhaps more eG?eWtively, is 2y simply 2arring WhiW8ens from front yarks, as six Wities ko69FFF d. Ot:er Zinds of het0acks 7hile many orkinanWes exWluke the ofnerzs house from the keflnition of a kfelling,FF- tfo Wities provike a sepaA rate set2aW8 reKuirement for an ofnerzs ofn kfelling69 Jtlanta reKuires WhiW8ens to 2e 8ept at least flve feet afay from an ofnerzs ofn house,FFT ank cos Jngeles reKuires that the WhiW8ens 2e 8ept at least U$ feet afay from the ofnerzs house69FF’ hHree Wities ko not provike for expliWit set2aW8s, 2ut leave eaWh set2aW8 up to some Wity o&DVWialzs kisWretion69 In 7iWhita, the Whief of poliWe Wan examine the property ank ketermine the set2aW869FF. In St69 5aul, it is up to the ealth InspeWtorzs kisWretion69FFf Jnk, in bremont, it is the Jnimal ServiWes Supervisor fho has kisWretion69FF3 FU.69 ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W)(1), (f) (U$1$); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA1169F (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11)69 FUf69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$U$U (U$11); ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1$ (U$11); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §’69$-69U$ f tit69 1.(U$11)69 FU369 SeefuNra note FU.69 FF$69 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(2) (no kate listek)69 FF169 Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ, Zy0a0e, art69 f, No69 .T (U$1$); BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1.691U69$1$APS (U$11); Banfa0eA hof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.)69 FFU69 BouYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1.691U69$1$APS (U$11)69 FFF69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytaA gaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(B) (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA- (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA ’69T(F)(i) (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA. (U$11); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11)69 FF-69 E.h., Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F69U691’ (U$11) (T$ ft); J0oA hYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$U$U (U$11)69 FFT69 Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11)69 FF’69 c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§TF69Tf f TF69T3 (U$11) (fepartment of JniA mal ServiWes promulgatek regulations reKuiring Woops to 2e U$ ft69 from ofnerzs kfelling)69 FF.69 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.F(W) (U$11)69 FFf69 Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$T (U$11)69 FF369 bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 43 42 ELR 10910 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 binally, St69 couis fins for the most eWWentriW set2aW869 It koesnzt have any set2aW8s for neigh2oring 2uilkings, or the property line, 2ut it koes reKuire that WhiW8ens 2e 8ept out of the mil8ing 2arn69F-$ /. Toop ReIzireMents wany Wities regulate hof the WhiW8en Woop shoulk 2e 2uilt ank maintainek69 hHere is a 2roak range in these regA ulations, ank no tfo orkinanWes are ali8e69 Some simply keWree that it is unlafful for WhiW8ens to run at large, ank thus impliWitly mankate that the Woop 2e WonstruWtek in a seWure enough fay so that WhiW8ens Wanzt easily esWape69 Some appear to loo8 out for animal felfare 2y keWreeing that WhiW8ens shoulk 2e provikek akeKuate fook, fater, ank shelter in sanitary Wonkitions69 Jnk, some appear to try to proaWtively heak oG? any potential pro2lems 2y regulatA ing the kimensions of the Woop, hof it must 2e 2uilt, ank exaWtly hof often it must 2e Wleanek69 birst, some of the more Wommon elements in these statutes fill 2e explorek69 hHen, more uniKue elements fill 2e kisWussek69 a. ,o Rznning at (arge birst, FF Wities prohi2it WhiW8ens partiWularly or animals in general from running at large69F-1 wost of those WitA ies simply prohi2it WhiW8ens from running at large, 2ut some provike for a little more nuanWe69 bor instanWe, CinWinnati koes not allof WhiW8ens to run at large “so as to ko kamage to garkens, lafns, shru22ery or other private property69”F-U So, presuma2ly, a WhiW8en Woulk run free, as long as it kiknzt kamage anything69 bive Wities, insteak of ma8ing it unlafful to run at large, provike that the WhiW8en must 2e 8ept enWlosek in the Woop ank F-$69 Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1169-’69-1$ (U$1$)69 F-169 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3U69$1 (U$11); JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF(f) (U$11); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U(e) (U$1$); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$1A FF (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §’$F69$1 (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(W)(F) (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$T (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU69$F (U$11); I0tao0opysai, I0t69, PYv69 CytY §TF1691$U (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$F$ (U$11); cYxa0emy0AborYmmY, fr69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A 1$ (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$f$ (U$11); cydaiA vassY, fr69, wYmny CytY Wh69 3169$$1 Ndaio0cY (U$11); wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfAU (U$$3); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’A U1(I) (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU (U$11); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAF- (U$1$); Oouso0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A$-AU$$ (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’F (U$11); 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’FT69$U (U$11); PosYaeh, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1UAF$$- (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1(2) (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.T$ (U$$.); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1$69U- (no kate listek); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-691F$ (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$U$ (U$11); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §T$T691$ (U$11); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-ATT (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §’69$-691.F (U$11)69 F-U69 Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$1AFF (U$11)69 not allofek to esWape69F-F Jnk tfo Wities, PiWhmonk ank StoW8ton, frame it in terms of trespass ank ko not allof WhiW8en trespassers69F-- In any event, all of these statutes imply that a Woop, minimally, must 2e WonstruWtek so that the 2irks Wannot esWape69 0. Toops Gzst Be Tlean and hanitary bortyAsix Wities impose some sort of Wleaning reKuirements on WhiW8en ofners69F-T 7hile many Wities have Wleaning reKuirements that apply to any animal,F-’ these Wities orkiA nanWes are, for the most part, speWiflW to WhiW8ens69 Nearly all of these orkinanWes mankate that the WhiW8en Woop 2e 8ept in a Wlean ank sanitary Wonkition ank free from oG?ensive okors69 hHe kegree to fhiWh eaWh Wity regA ulates this, hofever, varies69 wost Wities have a variation on a general reKuirement that the Woop 2e Wlean or saniA F-F69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytaA gaYt Onta0o0cYi §’$F69$1 (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §11JAUU(W)(F) (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$T (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY §3169$$1 Ndaio0cY (U$11)69 F--69 Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11) (proviking that fofl may not trespass); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-691F$ (U$11) (fofl lshall notk to run or go upon the pu2liW or private premises of any other person, flrm, or Worporation; or upon any par8 or pu2liW street or highfay fithin the Wity)69 F-T69 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUAUAU (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$ATAU1 (U$11); Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-:UU-(W)(1)(W) f (k) (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(C) (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U (U$1$); Chacoey, Iss69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1UAU3$(2) (U$11); Ca0A ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 .$1AFT (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.AF69U (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA3U (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA-(h) (U$11); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$F$ (U$11); bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3169$1. (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(h) (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$F (U$11); donA so0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691. (U$11); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69 wd069 CytY §UTAU- (U$1$); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$U$ (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF’ (U$1$); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A’ (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1-A1f f 1-A13 (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); ca0A cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$.$ (U$11); wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfA1 (U$$3); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUU (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA ’69T (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$F (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0A Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAFT (U$1$); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’1 (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(k) (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff(k) (U$11); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.TT (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2) (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1f (U$11); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$-A$T (U$11); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1(W) (U$11); TyA sYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §1.$T69$. (U$11); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §-ATf (U$11); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§U$$(k), (e) f -$’ (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0A mnys §3$U691$A1F (no kate listek); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.- (U$11)69 F-’69 E.h69, J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.691$69$F$ (U$11); JmA so0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAf (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FAT’$$ (U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691AU JtYqdomY ShYsmYn (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AT1 (U$11); Tofpo, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1369.. (U$$f)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 44 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10911 tary69F-. wost Wities also expressly prohi2it okors or oG?enA sive okors69F-f Some Wities are a little more expliWit ank reKuire that the Woop 2e Wleanek regularly or routinely69F-3 Some Wities go further ank reKuire the Woop to 2e Wlean at all times69FT$ Jnk some Wities regulate preWisely hof often the Woop must 2e Wleanek69 ouston is the most fastikious69 In ouston, the Woop must 2e Wleanek onWe per kay, limek onWe every other kay, ank all Wontainers Wontaining WhiW8en manure must 2e properly kisposek of onWe per fee869FT1 wilfau8ee also reKuires Woops to 2e Wleanek kaily ank akkitionally “as is neWessary69”FTU hHe next tfo most fastikious Wities, fes woines ank Santa Jna, reKuire that the Woop 2e Wleanek at least every other kay69FTF Seven Wities reKuire that the Woop 2e Wleanek at least tfiWe a fee869FT- Jnk another four Wities reKuire that the Woop 2e Wleanek at least onWe a fee869FTT Jnk, splitting the kiG?erenWe, Mersey City reKuires the Woop to 2e Wleanek onWe a fee8 from Novem2er to way, ank tfiWe a fee8 from way to Novem2er69FT’ wany Wities also have a partiWular WonWern fith either []ies or rokents69 bourteen Wities speWify that attraWting []ies fill 2e a nuisanWe69FT. Cities that speWiflWally mention []ies F-.69 E.h69, Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$ATAU1 (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$F (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$.$ (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’1 (U$11); So0 J0myA 0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3 (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.TT (U$$.); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §1.$’69$. (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.- (U$11)69 F-f69 E.h., Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$ATAU1 (U$11); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$1AFT (U$11); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.AF69U (U$11); bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3169$1. (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$F (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691. (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§1-A1f f 1-A13 (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A U’1 (U$11); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1(W) (U$11); TysYty, Ohay, wd069 CytY §1.$T69$. (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.- (U$11)69 F-369 E.h., Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-:UU-(W)(1)(W) f (k) (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§U$$(k), (e) f -$’ (U$11)69 FT$69 E.h., Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$)69 FT169 ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF’ (U$1$)69 FTU69 waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11)69 FTF69 fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA1F. (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2) (U$11)69 FT-69 donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691. (U$11); dsY0tosY, Jnaz69 wd069 CytY §UTAU-(h) (U$1$); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A’ (U$11); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUU (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(k) (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1f (U$11)69 FTT69 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUAUAU(B)(1) (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAFT (U$1$); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$3 (U$11)69 FT’69 MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af(C) (U$11)69 FT.69 Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$ATAU1 (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(h) (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §UU691. (U$11); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF’ (U$1$); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A13 (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUF (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.TT (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2) (U$11); ScymmitosY, fithin their orkinanWes are Wongregatek mostly in the South or the Southfest69FTf Several mankate that WhiW8en feek or WhiW8en faste 2e 8ept in []yAtight Wontainers69FT3 wiami reKuires that a WhiW8enzs kroppings 2e treatek to kestroy []y maggots 2efore it Wan 2e usek as fertili4er69F’$ wesa has four Wleaning reKuirements all kesignek to 8eep []ies afay: (1) kroppings must 2e removek tfiWe fee8ly; (U) “fofl exWreta” must 2e storek in []yAtight Wontainers; (F) fater ank feek troughs must 2e 8ept sanitary; ank (-) fook ank fook faste must 2e 8ept in a []yAproof WonA tainer—all expliWitly “to prevent the 2reeking of []ies69”F’1 fansas Cityzs WonWern fith []ies fill stank in the fay of 8eeping hens for eggs that foulk meet organiW stankarks; it mankates the use of inseWtiWike 2y proviking that “all struWA tures, pens or Woops fherein fofl are 8ept or permittek to 2e shall 2e sprayek fith suWh su2stanWes as fill eliminate suWh inseWts69”F’U BeWause WhiW8ens eat inseWts, ank 2eWause the protein they gain from eating those inseWts has a 2enA eflWial eG?eWt on the nutritional value of their eggs, this regulation stanks at okks fith a reason many people are interestek in 8eeping 2aW8yark hens69 dlenkale, California, appears to 2e the most WonWernek a2out []ies, going so far as to mankate that the ofner akhere to impossi2le 2uilking reKuirements69 dlenkale reKuires WhiW8ens to 2e 8ept in a []yAproof enWlosure; it keflnes []yA proof Kuite speWiflWally as “a struWture or Wage of a kesign fhiWh prevents the entry therein or the esWape therefrom of any 2ee, moth or []y69”F’F BeWause a WhiW8en must enter into ank exit from its enWlosure, ank 2eWause one foulk fant the WhiW8en to have aWWess to fresh air ank sunlight, suWh a struWture presents itself as an arWhiteWtural impossi2ility69 Ten Wities are partiWularly WonWernek fith rats69F’- Of these Wities, several are WonWernek a2out 2oth []ies ank rats69F’T wost of these Wities simply mankate that the Woop 2e free of rats,F’’ 2ut three Wities reKuire that fook 2e 8ept Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§-A1. f -A1f (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U6911A1F (no kate listek)69 FTf69 SeefuNra note FT.69 FT369 ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF’ (U$1$); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUF (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2) (U$11)69 F’$69 waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11)69 F’169 wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUF (U$11)69 F’U69 fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(k) (U$11)69 F’F69 dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11)69 F’-69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11691F(B)(f) (U$$3); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’$-691. f $$$TFA11 (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA3U (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(h) (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$F (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1. (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §§3$U691U f 3$U691F (no kate listek)69 F’T69 E.h., Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’$-691. f $$$TFA11 (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); coi iYA eoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§-A1. f -A1f (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U691U (no kate listek)69 F’’69 Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §$$$TFA11 (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(k) (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 45 42 ELR 10912 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 fithin a ratAproof Wontainer69F’. fenver appears to have the same antipathy tofark rats as dlenkale koes tofark []ies69 fenver reKuires that WhiW8ens 2e 8ept in a ratAproof 2uilking69 J ratAproof 2uilking is one that is make fith no “potential openings that rats Woulk exploit ank 2uilt fith “material impervious to ratAgnafing69”F’f 7hile an openA ing for a rat foulk neWessarily 2e 2igger than an opening for a []y, 2eWause WhiW8ens fill still have to enter ank exit the struWture, fenver appears to kemank similarly imposA si2le arWhiteWture69 c. Toop Tonstrzction ReIzireMents hHirtyAseven Wities regulate the WonstruWtion of the WhiW8en Woop69F’3 ci8e the Wleaning regulations, many of these Witiesz orkinanWes are not partiWular to WhiW8ens, 2ut Wover any struWture meant to house an animal69F.$ But, as kemonstratek 2elof, most speWiflWally regulate WhiW8en Woops69 wost of these orkinanWes reKuire that WhiW8ens 2e 8ept fithin an enWlosure, ank many akk that the enWlosure must §.69F’69$T$ (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); ScymmitosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1. (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §§3$U691U f 3$U691F (no kate listek)69 F’.69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA-(h) (U$11); Pachfy0t, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$Aff (U$11)69 F’f69 fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §§-$69-1 f -$69T1 (U$11)69 F’369 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUAUAU (U$11); J0chynA oeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69$T69$1$ (U$11); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §169$1 SYcdnY E0csyidnY (U$1$); JmA so0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FAUA11 (U$11); BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$A-$3 (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §$$$TFA11 (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(a)(1)(f) f (E) (U$11); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A 1T- (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAF(h) (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1$69U$T (U$11); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AF’ (U$1$); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 ShYsmYn (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$691$$ (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY §3169$$1 PYimnoa0m (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §Uf69$f (no kate listek); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.Aff (U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1’1 (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691AU (U$11); Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §fA3’(W) f (e) (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 SYA cdnY E0csyidnY & ShYsmYn (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA3 (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§.69U$69$U$ f .69’$69.’$ (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2) (U$11); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.69$169$1$ (U$11); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF(U) (W) (U$11); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-$’ (U$11)69 F.$69 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUAUAU (U$11); J0chynA oeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69$T69$1$ (U$11); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §169$1 SYcdnY E0csyidnYi (U$1$); BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$A-$3 (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §6A1 (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A 1T (U$11); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1’1 (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691 (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691AU (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 (U$11); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF(U)(W) (U$11)69 2e seWure69F.1 Some further reKuire that the enWlosure 8eep animals proteWtek from inWlement feather69F.U Outsike of this, hofever, there is no WonsistenWy to these statutes69 Of the Wities that have promulgatek shelter reKuireA ments speWiflW to WhiW8ens, nine of them mankate that eaWh WhiW8en 2e given a speWiflW amount of spaWe69F.F Of these Wities, the average amount of spaWe per WhiW8en is flve sKuare feet, although no Wity aWtually mankates that69F.- hHe mekian amount of spaWe per WhiW8en is four sKuare feet69 hHe moke, or most popular amount, is also four sKuare feet69F.T hHe next most popular is 2etfeen tfo ank tfoA ankAoneAhalf sKuare feet69F.’ Clevelank reKuires 1$ sKuare feet per WhiW8en, 2ut speWifles that this is for the outkoor run, not for the enWlosek Woop69F.. PoWhester also ta8es the kiG?erenWe 2etfeen a WhiW8en Woop ank a WhiW8en run into aWWount ank reKuires at least four sKuare feet per WhiW8en in 2oth the Woop ank the run69F.f cong BeaWh koes not give a partiWular sKuare footage per WhiW8en, 2ut reKuires that eaWh Woop 2e at least tfiWe as 2ig as the 2irk69F.3 Insteak of regulating Woop si4e so speWiflWally, some WitA ies reKuire that the Woops not 2e Wrampek or overWrofkA ek69Ff$ Others state that the Woop shoulk 2e 2ig enough for the WhiW8en to move a2out freely,Ff1 or have spaWe to stank, F.169 E.h., JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUAUAU (U$11); J0A chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69$T69$1$ (U$11); Jnsa0eA my0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §169$1 SYcdnY E0csyidnYi (U$1$); Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA. (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FAUA11 (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A 1169F (U$$3); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAF(h) (U$11); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 (U$11); fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY §3169$$1 (U$11); wotaA iy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §Uf69$f (no kate listek); wy0meyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1’1 (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §’691AU (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.69$169$1$ (U$11)69 F.U69 E.h., Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691AU (U$11) (proviking that a shelter must proteWt “eaWh animal from injury, rain, sleet, snof, hail, kireWt sunlight”); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 (U$11) (proviking that fofl shoulk 2e housek in a “struWture that is Wapa2le of proviking Wover ank proteWtion from the feather”); Tdsio, Ouso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-$’ (U$11) (“Natural or artiflWial shelters appropriate to the loWal WlimaWtiW Wonkitions for the partiWular speWies of animal or fofl shall 2e provikek for all animals or fofl 8ept outkoors69”)69 F.F69 Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA.(1)(k) (U$11) (U sK69 ft69); BdgA gosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(F) (U$$3) (U sK69 ft69); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$) (- sK69 ft69); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f) f (E) (U$11) (1$ sK69 ft69); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11) (- sK69 ft69); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$691$$ (U$11) (tfiWe the si4e of the fofl); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.Aff (U$11) (1T sK69 ft69); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek) (- sK69 ft69); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2)(F) (U$11) (U69T sK69 ft69)69 F.-69 SeefuNra note F.F69 F.T69 ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek)69 F.’69 Jmso0mo, do69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA.(1)(k) (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(F) (U$$3); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §T69’(2)(F) (U$11)69 F..69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f) f (E) (U$11)69 F.f69 PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek)69 F.369 cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$691$$ (U$11)69 Ff$69 E.h., Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$1AFT (U$11)69 Ff169 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f) (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 46 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10913 turn arounk, ank lie kofn69FfU fes woines is uniKue, in that it loo8s to state or national stankarks for the Woop si4e, proviking that “suWh enWlosures shall 2e of su&DVWient si4e to house the num2er of animals or fofl permittek 2y state or national stankarks69”FfF Some Wities also mankate hof large the Woop Wan 2e69 hHe Woop si4es also laW8 uniformity—2oth BuG?alo ank Clevelank provike that the Woop Wan 2e no larger than FU sKuare feet, 2ut Clevelank fill allof the Woop to 2e up to 1T feet high, fhile BuG?alo Waps height at seven feet69Ff- Seattle allofs for up to 1,$$$ sKuare feet ank Waps the height at 1U feet69FfT binally, Charlotte is the only Wity that provikes for a minimum height 2y reKuiring the Woops to 2e at least 1f inWhes high69Ff’ Other reKuirements that turn up in more than one Wity is that the Woopzs []oor 2e impervious,Ff. the Woop 2e akeA Kuately ventilatek,Fffank the Woop 2e 8ept kry or allof for krainage69Ff3 Some Wities mankate that the enWlosure proteWt the WhiW8ens from prekators69F3$ Jnk, BuG?alo, Clevelank, ank Colorako Springs reKuire that the WhiW8ens have aWWess to an outkoor run69F31 Tfo Wities stank at okks on the issue of 8eeping WhiW8ens fithin solik falls69 Baltimore prohi2its WhiW8ens from 2eing Wonflnek in a Wage entirely of solik falls,F3U fhile Corpus Christi, to avoik large set2aW8s, reKuires that WhiW8ens 2e Wonflnek entirely fithin solik falls69F3F Jnk some Wities have entirely uniKue orkinanWes69 Irving is WonWernek fith proteWting WhiW8ens from inWlement feather; it reKuires proteWtion from the kireWt rays of the FfU69 cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$691$$ (U$11) (proviking that aniA mals must have enough spaWe to stank in a naturally ereWt position); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691(a)(U) (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 SYcdnY E0csyidnY & ShYsmYn (U$11); TdcA iy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF(U)(W) (U$11)69 FfF69 fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAF(h) (U$11)69 Ff-69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f) (U$11); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(.) (U$$3)69 FfT69 SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(F) (U$11)69 Ff’69 ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$)69 Ff.69 E.h., Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §169$1 SYcdnY E0csyidnY (U$1$); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11); ca0A cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$T$ (U$11) (reKuiring that, if a Woop is less than .,T$$ sKuare feet, that the []ooring 2e make of hark surfaWe material); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691(a)(1) (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 SYcdnY E0csyidnY & ShYsmYn (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2)(U) (U$1$) (proviking that the “[]oors of every suWh 2uilking shall 2e smooth ank tight”)69 Fff69 E.h., Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(.) (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W) (U$1$); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af (U$11); NYw OnsYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691(a)(1) (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1 SYcdnY E0csyidnY & ShYsmYn (U$11)69 Ff369 E.h., MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af (U$11); NYw OnA sYo0i, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fAU691(a)(1) (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’(2)(U) (U$11)69 F3$69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(F) f (-) (U$$3); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f)69 Seealfo NashvilleAfavikA son, wemo from Mohn Cooper, fireWtor wetropolitan CounWil O&DVWe, to Jll wem2ers of wetropolitan CounWil (Sept69 1, U$$3) (on flle fith author) (proviking that Woops must 2e 8ept in a prekatorAproof enWlosure)69 F3169 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(1) (U$$3); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(f) f (E) (U$11); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.691$’(f) (U$11)69 F3U69 BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$A-$3 (U$11)69 F3F69 Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1T- (U$11)69 sun fhen the temperature is over 3$ kegrees ank proteWA tion from kireWt exposure to fink fhen the temperature is 2elof T$ kegrees69F3- Mersey Cityzs orkinanWe stanks out for its thoughtfulness69F3T It reKuires that the Woop Wontain finA kofs if possi2le, that the Woop 2e fhiteAfashek or paintek, ank that the Woop Wontain remova2le perWhes ank nests, so that they Wan 2e Wleanek on a regular 2asis69F3’ PoWhester koes not allof fofl to 2e 8ept in a Wellar69F3. Jnk San JntoA nio reKuires that the Woop 2e 2uilt so that the WhiW8enzs feet ko not fall through the []oor69F3f d. Eiiing Azt:ority Oier Toop ReIzireMents to a Tity OfHKcial Insteak of legislating Woop reKuirements through City CounWil, four Wities kelegate to some other Wity o&DVWial69 San branWisWo reKuires the Woop struWture to 2e approvek 2y the fepartment of ealthF33; 7ashington, f69C69, assigns it to the fireWtor of the fepartment of uman ServiWes69-$$ Colum2us reKuires its ealth Commissioner to approve the struWture69-$1 St69 couis allofs its Jnimal ealth ComA missioner to set stankarks for Woop WonstruWtion69-$U Jnk flnally, PoWhester mankates that the Woop fill, at all times, 2e su2jeWt to inspeWtion ank su2jeWt to the orkers of its Chief of 5oliWe69-$F e. Feed and Water ReIzireMents Eleven Wities are WonWernek that WhiW8ens reWeive enough fook ank fater69-$- wost of these simply mankate that WhiW8ens reWeive akeKuate or sanitary fook ank fater, 2ut three of the Wities shof speWial WonWern fith the WhiW8enzs felfare69 cong BeaWh ank cos Jngeles reKuire WhiW8ens to 2e given fater every 1U hours69-$T wemphis ank Omaha reKuire that the WhiW8ens not only 2e given su&DVWient fook 2ut also “fholesome” fook ank fater69-$’ Jnk BuG?alo reKuires that WhiW8ens 2e fek only through an approvek F3-69 Inva0e, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1 ShYsmYn (U$11)69 F3T69 MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$Af (U$11)69 F3’69 Ip. F3.69 PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek)69 F3f69 So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA3 (U$11)69 F3369 So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(2) (U$11)69 -$$69 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69.(W) (no kate listek)69 -$169 Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY §UU169$T(2) (U$11)69 -$U69 Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1’ (U$1$)69 -$F69 PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek)69 -$-69 Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-:UU-(W)(1)(k) (U$11); BdgA gosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(3) (U$$3); Chacoey, Iss69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1UAU3$(2) (U$11); Ca0ca00oma, Ohay, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §.$1AFT (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$3$ (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §TF69-’ (U$11); wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfA1 (U$$3); wYio, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA’AUF(C) (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11); wy0mA eyfYnr, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A1’1 (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’1 (U$11)69 -$T69 cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$3$ (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §TF69-’ (U$11)69 -$’69 wYfphai, TY0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §fAfA1 (U$$3); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’1 (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 47 42 ELR 10914 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 trough ank prohi2its feeking them through sWattering fook on the grounk69-$. b. uerMit ReIzireMents hHirtyAeight Wities reKuire a permit to 8eep WhiW8ens unker Wertain WirWumstanWes69-$f ci8e all of the other regulations, there is very little WonsistenWy69 Eleven Wities reKuire permits for more than a maximum num2er of WhiW8ens69-$3 hHe average num2er the Wity allofs 2efore reKuiring a permit is seven69 hHe average is high 2eWause San fiego allofs up to U$ WhiW8ens 2efore see8ing a permit69-1$ hHe mekian is flve ank the moke, fith three Wities, Saint couis, Santa Jna ank Spo8ane, is four69 Tfo Wities, El 5aso ank San Mose, allof for six69-11 Jnk, tfo Wities, 5ortlank ank 7itWhita allof for three69-1U Tfo Wities reKuire a permit if one see8s -$.69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(B)(3) (U$$3)69 -$f69 BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$AF1U (U$11); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169- (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U (U$1$); CsYvYA so0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(i) f (j) (U$11); Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY §UU169$T (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA31 (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA-(i), (j) (U$11); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §§.69U-69$U$ f .69U-69$T$ (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A Ff (U$1$); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A. (U$11); fo0A ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(h) (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$.$ (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §369TU (no kate listek); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11); wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UA F$ (U$1$); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’’ (U$11); 5haso 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-Af1 (U$11); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T (U$11); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69U$’69$U$ (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §§F$A1U f F$A1T (no kate listek); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §§369--69f.$ f 369--69ff$ (U$11); So0 J0A my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3(W) (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.1F (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(k) (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.$$ (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§T69’ f UF69-U69$T1(B) (U$11); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §1.C69F1$691$$ (no kate listek); Sm69 cydA ai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1T(W) (U$1$); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$U (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §§3$U691 f 3$U69FA- (no kate listek); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11)69 -$369 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than six); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-$ (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than T, if fofl feigh over flve pounks ank more than U$ for fofl 2etfeen three ank flve pounks); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-Af1 (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than 1$); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T(E) (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than three); So0 J0my0ay, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA1$3(W) (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than flve); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.1F (U$11) (reKuiring perA mit if more than UT); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.$$(J) (U$$.) (reKuiring permit if more than six); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than four); Spyuo0Y, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §§1.C69F1$691$$ f 1$69U$69$1T(W) (no kate listek) (reA Kuiring permit if more than four); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1T(W) (U$1$) (reKuiring permit if more than four ); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11) (reKuiring permit if more than three)69 -1$69 So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.1F (U$11)69 -1169 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$ (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69.$$(J) (U$$.)69 -1U69 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F69$T69$1T(E) (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11)69 to plaWe the WhiW8ens fithin the legislatek set2aW8s69-1F Jnk one Wity, Piversike, only reKuires a permit if one fants to 8eep roosters69-1- hHe remaining U- Wities reKuire a permit to 8eep WhiW8A ens unker all WirWumstanWes69-1T 5ermit renefal perioks ank fees also kiG?er su2stantially among Wities69 Of the Wities that reKuire permits to 8eep WhiW8ens in all WirWumstanWes, there is little agreement for hof long these permits shoulk last or hof muWh they shoulk Wost69 Jt least 1$ of them reKuire permit holkers to renef annually69-1’ Tfo have an initial term of one year, 2ut then either allof or reKuire flveAyear permits after that69-1. Clevelank has a 2iennial permit69-1f wo2ile allofs for the permit to remain valik until revo8ek 2y the health o&DVWer69-13 Jnk several simply konzt speWify hof long the permit fill last69-U$ hHere is also a lot of variety among Wities in fhere to go to get the permit69 Clevelank, Colum2us, Omaha, ank Norfol8 grant the pu2liW health kepartments the authority to grant permits-U1; Nefar8 gives it to the fireWtor of the fepartment of Chilk ank bamily 7ellABeing-UU; SaWraA mento to the Jnimal Care ServiWes Operator-UF; TaWoma -1F69 fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(h) (U$11) (reKuirA ing permit if fant to 2e fithin set2aW8); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11) (reKuiring permission from Wity Wler8 to put Woop fithA in set2aW8)69 -1-69 PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.69U$’69$U$ (U$11)69 -1T69 BosmafynY, wt69, Yosmh CytY §1$AF1U (U$11); Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$); Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169- (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U (U$1$); CsYvYA so0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(i) f (j) (U$11); Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY §UU169$T (U$11); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA31 (U$11); fYi wya0Yi, Iywo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1fA-(i), (j) (U$11); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11); ydimy0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AFf (U$1$); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A . (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §369TU (no kate listek); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2) (U$11); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11); wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$ (U$11); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAF$ (U$1$); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg OnA ta0o0cYi §’AU’’ (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §§F$A1U f F$A1T (no kate listek); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §§369--69f.$ f 369--69ff$ (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(k) (U$11); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$U (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0aA fos Cy0mnys §§3$U691 f 3$U69FA- (no kate listek)69 -1’69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169- (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(a) (U$1$); bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FAT3$’ (U$11); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A. (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-6911$ (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §369TU (no kate listek); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UA F$ (U$1$); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU.1 (U$11); PychA YimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A1T (no kate listek); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$- (U$11); 7oih69, f69C69, wd069 PYedsomay0i gyn J0afos Cy0mnys §3$U69F (no kate listek)69 -1.69 fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(h) (U$11); wa00YopyA sai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$ (U$11) (flveAyear periok oG?erek as a WhoiWe)69 -1f69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §U$T69$- (U$11)69 -1369 wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11)69 -U$69 E.h., Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11); 5so0y, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-Af1 (U$11); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §T69’ (U$11); Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11)69 -U169 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §U$T69$- (U$11); Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY §UU169$T (U$11); Ofoho, NYb69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’AU’’ (U$11); Nyngysu, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’691A. (U$11)69 -UU69 NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAF$ (U$1$)69 -UF69 SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §3A--Af.$ (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 48 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10915 to the City Cler8-U-; ank Boston to the InspeWtional SerA viWes fepartment69-UT wost Wities, hofever, ko not state in the orkinanWe 2y fhat means a person aWtually proWures a permit69-U’ hHree Wities use the permit proWess to ma8e sure that foulkA2e WhiW8en ofners have the Wonsent of their neighA 2ors69 St69 5aul, winnesota, reKuires that an appliWant shof, through fritten Wonsent, that .T% of the ofners or oWWuA pants of property fithin 1T$ feet have given permission for the WhiW8ens69-U. cas iegas reKuires fritten Wonsent of neigh2ors fithin FT$ feet69-Uf BuG?alo ank wilfau8ee also reKuires fritten Wonsent from akjaWent lankofners to seWure a permit69-U3 Piversike, California, allofs resikents to 8eep hens fithout a permit, 2ut reKuires a permit, fith fritten permission from the neigh2ors, to 8eep more than six roosters69-F$ binally, some Wities use the permitting sWhemes to ensure that WhiW8en ofners Womply fith a long list of regulations69 bor instanWe, BuG?alo has set forth a la2yrinthine proWess for seWuring a “WhiW8en liWense69”-F1 It reKuires the liWense see8er to provike his name, akkress, num2er of WhiW8ens sought, ank the loWation of the Woop69 hHe Wity then notifles neigh2oring lankofners fith property fithin T$ feet of the appliWantzs property of the appliWation ank allofs them to provike fritten Womments69 hHe Wity also notifles the mayor ank City CounWil69 If the Wity Wler8 koes not reWeive any Womments, the Wler8 Wan issue a liWense for up to flve hens69 But if anyone lokges a negative Womment, then the permit goes to City CounWil ank CounWil must ketermine, after ta8ing in the entire reWork 2efore it, if the Wity fill grant the liWense69 If the CounWil approves it, it goes to the mayor, fho has the pofer to veto it; if he koes so—it foulk reKuire a U/F majority at the follofing CounWil meeting to -U-69 Tocyfo, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §T69F$69$1$ (U$11)69 -UT69 Byi69, woii69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1’A169fJ (U$1$)69 -U’69 E.h., ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(a) (U$1$) (provikA ing that the “2ureau” fill issue the permit69); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A. (U$11) (proviking that the “liWensing issuing authority” fill grant the permit)69 -U.69 Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$-(2) (U$11): hHe appliWant for any permit reKuirek unker the provisions of seWA tion 13f69$U shall provike fith the appliWation the fritten Wonsent of seventyAflve (.T) perWent of the ofners or oWWupants of privately or pu2liWly ofnek real estate fithin one hunkrek flfty (1T$) feet of the outer 2ounkaries of the premises for fhiWh the permit is 2eA ing reKuestek or, in the alternative, proof that appliWantzs property lines are one hunkrek flfty (1T$) feet or more from any struWture69 ofever, fhere a street separates the premises for fhiWh the permit is 2eing reKuestek from other neigh2oring property, no Wonsent is reKuirek from the ofners or oWWupants of property loWatek on the opposite sike of the street69 7here a property fithin one hunkrek flfty (1T$) feet Wonsists of a multiple kfelling, the appliWant neek o2tain only the fritten Wonsent of the ofner or manager, or other person in Wharge of the 2uilking69 -Uf69 coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69Ff69$T$ (U$11)69 -U369 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169U (U$$3) (“No WhiW8en hens shall 2e allofek fithout the express fritten Wonsent of all resikents resiking on property akjaWent to that of the appliWant69”); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T (U$11) (Before a permit is issuek for the 8eeping of WhiW8ens, the appliWant shall o2tain the fritten Wonsent of the ofner of the property fhere the WhiW8ens shall 2e 8ept ank ofners of all kireWtly or kiagonally a2utting properties, inWluking those aWross an alley69”) -F$69 PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$T69$U$ (U$11)69 -F169 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169- (U$$3)69 pass69-FU If the permit is grantek, then the Jnimal Control O&DVWer must inspeWt the Woop 2efore the liWensee is aWtuA ally allofek to get WhiW8ens69-FF hHen, the liWensee has to proWure a separate liWense from the 2uilking kepartment to 2uilk the WhiW8en Woop69-F- Jnk then BuG?alo reKuires similar proWekures for renefA ing the liWense eaWh year69 EaWh liWense automatiWally expires on Mune 169 brom way 1 to Mune 1, the Wity opens up a WomA ment periok for anyone to Womplain a2out liWensek WhiW8A ens69 hHe City CounWil is to Wonsiker all of these Womments ank any re2uttals to them 2efore keWiking fhether to renef the liWense69 hHe City CounWil Wan also revo8e the liWense at any time if it hears any Womplaints a2out the liWensee69-FT hHis liWensing sWheme appears kesignek to ameliorate WonWerns that the Wity fill 2e overfhelmek fith WomA plaints69 But the resourWes the Wity puts into this proWess ank the time it is reKuiring WounWilmem2ers ank the mayor to put into it if a single person registers a negative Womment must far outfeigh any resourWes the Wity foulk 2e using to proseWute rogue WhiW8ens ofners69 wany Wities also Wharge fees for these permits69 BeWause many Wities ko not list their fees on any pu2liWly aWWessi2le fe2site, it is ki&DVWult to kraf strong WonWlusions on the norm for hof muWh a Wity Wharges69 But, 1- Witiesz fees fere ikentiflek69-F’ hHree of the 1- Whargek an initial fee, wilA fau8ee Whargek a iUT initial fee, winneapolis iT$, ank St69 5aul i.U69-F. hHirteen Wities, inWluking winneapolis ank St69 5aul, Whargek annual fees69-Ff hHe fees rangek from speWifying that the permit foulk 2e free to iT$ per year69 hHe average annual fee fas iU3, although no Wity Whargek that amount69 hHe mekian fee ank the moke are 2oth iUT per year69 Tfo Wities legislatek late Wharges into the statute, cinWoln has a iUT late fee,-F3 ank wakison Wharges iT if a permit is renefek late69--$ binally, winneapolis gives a iT$ kisWount from the annual fee if a liWensee renefs for flve years, insteak of paying i-$ a year, one Wan pay i1T$ for a flveAyear periok69--1 -FU69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr ChonmYn §FA1369 -FF69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169- (U$$3)69 -F-69 Ip. -FT69 Ip69 -F’69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11691(d) (U$$3) (iUT annual fee); ChonA symmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(a) (U$1$) (iT$ annual fee); fY0vYn, Cysy69, wd069 CytY §fA31 (U$11) (iT$ annual fees as listek on Wity fe2site at http://fff69kenvergov69org/breKuentlyJs8ekQuestionsanA kPelatekcin8s/ta2ik/-F-.T3/fefault69aspx); MYniYr Camr, N69M69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3$A. (U$11) (iUT annual fee); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$3$ (U$11) (iT$ annual fee fith a iUT late fee); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §369TU (no kate listek) (i1$ annual fee fith a iT late fee); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’$A. (U$11) (iFT iniA tial fee); wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$(f) (U$11) (iT$ initial fee ank i-$ annual fee); wybasY, Jso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A1$U (U$11) (speWifles that permits are free); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAF1 (U$1$) (i1$ annual fee); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr OnA ta0o0cYi §F$A1’ (no kate listek) (iF. annual fee); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$69U$69$1F(f) (U$1$) (i-$ annual fee); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$-(W) (U$11) (i.U initial fee ank iUT annual fee); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691T. (U$11) (iUT annual fee)69 -F.69 SuNranote -F’ ank aWWompanying text69 -Ff69 Ip. -F369 ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$3$ (U$11)69 --$69 wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §369TU (no kate listek)69 --169 wa00Yopysai, wa0069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.$691$(g) (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 49 42 ELR 10916 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 7. hlazg:tering hHirteen Wities regulate slaughtering--U; hofever, of those, only six 2an slaughtering altogether69--F hHree Wities, BuG?alo, Charlotte, ank 5itts2urgh, allof WhiW8ens to 2e slaughA terek, 2ut reKuire that it not oWWur outkoors or in a pu2liW plaWe69--- Clevelank allofs a WhiW8en to 2e slaughterek on site, 2ut only if it is meant to 2e Wonsumek on the oWWuA pantzs premises69--T San branWisWo reKuires that any slaughA ter oWWur in an “entirely separate” room than the one that fofl oWWupy69--’ PoWhester reKuires a poultererzs liWense to 2oth 8eep WhiW8ens ank slaughter them69--. Jnk, dlenkale, in 8eeping fith its aversion to rats kesWri2ek a2ove, only allofs for slaughter if it oWWurs in a ratAproof struWture69--f Several other Wities only 2an slaughter if a person is 8illA ing anotherzs WhiW8ens fithout permission69--3 Chesapea8e is partiWularly WonWernek fith kogs 8illing WhiW8ens69 ChesA apea8e mankates Wompensation of no more than i1$ per fofl, if a kog or hy2rik kog 8ills a WhiW8en69-T$ binally, several Wities stank kireWtly opposek WonWernA ing the 8illing of WhiW8ens for animal saWriflWe69 ChiWagozs orkinanWe 2anning the slaughter of WhiW8ens is kireWtek tofark WhiW8ens 8illek for animal saWriflWe; it provikes in the orkinanWe that this “seWtion is appliWa2le to any Wult that 8ills (saWriflWes) animals for any type of ritual, regarkA --U69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(k) (U$$3); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FA1$U(W)(-) (U$1$); Cha69, ass69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11); CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(h) (U$11); dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §f69-f69$U$ (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §Uf$3(3)(2)(’) (no kate listek); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F)(2) (U$11); NashvilleA favikson, Tenn69 wemo from Mohn Cooper, fireWtor wetropolitan CounA Wil O&DVWe, to Jll wem2ers of wetropolitan CounWil (Sept69 1, U$$3) (on flle fith author); 5ammibdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §31169$-69J69U (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A1U (no kate listek); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(k)(T) (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.T(p) (U$11)69 --F69 Cha69, ass69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11) (“No person shall ofn, 8eep or otherfise possess, or slaughter any sheep, goat, pig, Wof or the young of suWh speWies, poultry, ra22it, kog, Wat, or any other animal, intenking to use suWh animal for fook purposes69”); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §Uf$3(3)(2)(’) (no kate listek) (“No person shall slaughter any WhiW8ens69”); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F)(2) (U$11); (“No person shall slaughter any WhiW8ens69”); NashvilleAfavikson, Tenn69 wemo from Mohn Cooper, fireWtor wetropolitan CounWil O&DVWe, to Jll wem2ers of wetropolitan CounWil (Sept69 1, U$$3) (on flle fith author); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$ (U$11) (“No hen WhiW8ens shall 2e slaughterek on any kevelopek lot usek exWlusively for resiA kential purposes69”); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.T(p) (U$11) (prohi2iting slaughtering “on resikentially 4onek lots or lots utili4ek for resikential purposes”)69 ---69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A1169F(k) (U$$3) (“hHere shall 2e no outA koor slaughtering of WhiW8en hens69”); ChonsymmY, N69C69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §FA1$U(W)(-) (U$1$); (proviking that any slaughter “shall 2e kone only in a humane ank sanitary manner ank shall not 2e kone open to the vief of any pu2liW area or akjaWent property ofnek 2y another”); 5ammiA bdneh, 5o69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §31169$-69J69U (U$11) (“filling or kressA ing of poultry raisek on the premises shall 2e permittek if WonkuWtek entirely fithin an enWlosek 2uilking69”)69 --T69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(h) (U$11)69 --’69 So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F.(k)(T) (U$11)69 --.69 PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A1U (no kate listek)69 --f69 dsY0tosY, Cos69, wd069 CytY §f69-f69$U$ (U$11)69 --369 Juny0, Ohay, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3U69$F (U$11); Jdima0, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §FAUA’1 (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fAF (U$11)69 -T$69 ChYiopYouY, io69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1$A13 (U$11)69 less of fhether or not the []esh or 2look of the animal is to 2e Wonsumek69”-T1 7itWhita, hofever, fhile 2anning the slaughter of WhiW8ens, states that the orkinanWe koes not apply “to the slaughter of animals as part of religious praWtiWes69”-TU Jnk, cos Jngeles expressly allofs slaughter 2oth for fook ank religious purposes69-TF 8. Roosters wany Wities that allof for hens 2an roosters69 Tfent yAsix Wities prohi2it roosters69-T- Of these Wities, four have exWepA tions: 5hoenix fill allof a rooster only if it is inWapa2le of ma8ing voWal noises-TT; PoWhester ank San Mose fill allof roosters unker four months of age-T’; ank SaWramento only prohi2its roosters on kevelopek lots usek exWlusively for resikential purposes69-T. bort 7ayne koes not say anything a2out roosters, 2ut its orkinanWe eG?eWtively 2ans them 2y keflning poultry only as “laying hens69”-Tf wany Wities, insteak of 2anning roosters altogether impose very large set2aW8s for roosters, reKuire a larger property si4e for roosters, or relegate roosters to agriWulA turally 4onek lank69 bour Wities reKuire relatively large setA 2aW8s for roosters: Clevelank reKuires 1$$Afoot set2aW8s-T3; fansas City, F$$ feet-’$; O8lahoma City, -$$ feet-’1; ank dlenkale, California, reKuires T$$ feet69-’U 7iWhita fill also allof for roosters if they are more than T$$ feet from any resikentially 4onek lot69-’F hHree Wities reKuire greater -T169 Cha69, ass69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.A1UAF$$ (U$11) (2ut exempting foA sher slaughtering from this orkinanWe)69 -TU69 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.T(p) (U$11)69 -TF69 c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §TF69’. (U$11)69 -T-69 Bdggosy, N69q69, Camr CytY §F-1A11691(k) (U$$3); Cysynoty Spna0ei, Cysy69, Camr CytY §’69.6911$(J) (U$11); bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1T. (U$11); bnYi0y, Cos69, wd069 CytY §§1UAU$-6911 f 1UAU$T691 f 1UAU$’691 (U$11); donso0t, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §UU691- (U$11); coi iYeoi, NYv69, wd069 CytY §.69Ff69$T$(a)(U) (U$11); ca0cys0, NYb69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69$-1 (U$11); cy0e BYoch, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69U$69$T$ (U$11); waofa, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’A1(2)(U) (U$11); wotaiy0, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 Uf (no kate listek); waswoduYY, 7ai69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.fA’69T(F)(a) (U$11); N69q69C69, Yosmh CytY §§1’16913(a) f 1’169$1(2)(11) (133$); NYwonu, N69M69, dY0A Ynos Onta0o0cYi §’:UAF’ (U$1$); Oouso0t, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-69FU$ (U$11); 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(W) (U$11); 5ynmso0t, On69, Camr CytY §1F691$69$1$ (U$11); PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek); SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$(B) (U$11); Sm69 5ods, wa0069, §13f69$F (U$11); Sm69 5YmYnibdne, bso69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-AF1(e) (U$11); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69fU$ (U$$.); So0mo J0o, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §TA’69T (U$11); SYommsY, 7oih69, wd069 CytY §UF69-U69$TU(W)(U) (U$11); Smycumy0, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69--$ (U$11); Tdciy0, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A T3 (U$11); 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.1 (U$11)69 -TT69 5hyY0ax, Jnaz69, Camr CytY §fA.(W) (U$11)69 Pemoving a roosters voWal Whorks fas routinely kone 2y vets many years ago69 But 2eWause of the exA tremely high mortality rate (over T$%) most vets fill no longer perform this proWekure69 See SfallanpBackHarpFlockf, fr69 L69 Exm69, http://fff69Wa69u8y69 eku/small[]oW8s/faK69html#QF1 (last visitek Muly f, U$1U)69 -T’69 PychYimYn, N69q69, Camr Onta0o0cYi §F$A13 (no kate listek); So0 MyiY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.69’$69fU$ (U$$.)69 -T.69 SocnofY0my, Cos69, Camr CytY §369--69f’$(B) (U$11)69 -Tf69 bynm 7or0Y, I0t69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi Wh69 1T. (U$11)69 -T369 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(W) (U$11)69 -’$69 fo0ioi Camr, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-A1T(f) (U$11)69 -’169 Ousohyfo Camr, Ouso69, wd069 CytY §T3A3FT$(W), (k) (U$11)69 -’U69 dsY0tosY, Jnaz69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi pt69 II, art69 T (U$1$) (multiple provisions in 4oning Woke relating to roosters)69 -’F69 7achamo, fo069, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$-691.1 (U$11)69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 50 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10917 aWreage for roosters: Clevelank reKuires at least one aWre-’-; Baton Pouge reKuires tfo aWres-’T; ank bremont California allofs one rooster for ½ aWre, ank tfo roosters for more than one aWre69-’’ hHree Wities, Jnaheim, Jrlington, ank fallas, relegate roosters to agriWulturally 4onek lank69-’. wany Wities ko not 2an roosters 2ut have noise regulaA tions that foulk eG?eWtively Wause any rooster to 2e a nuiA sanWe, at least a rooster that Wrofs69-’f binally, nine Wities expressly allof for roosters69-’3 wost of these Wities, hofever, limit the num2er of roosters allofek69 hHree Wities allof for only one rooster69-.$ Tfo WitA ies allof for tfo roosters69-.1 El 5aso allofs for up to three roosters fith a permit69-.U Jnk Piversike allofs up to six ank only reKuires a permit to 8eep seven or more roostA ers69-.F San fiego ank San branWisWo allof for unlimitek roosters; hofever, San branWisWo animal Wontrol authorities statek that they ko not reWommenk that San branWisWans 8eep roosters kue to the num2er of Womplaints they have reWeivek WonWerning roosters69-.- Jnk, finning the afark for most eWWentriW rooster orkiA nanWe is the Wity that allofs roosters Wonjugal visits69 7hile this Wity is not fithin the top 1$$ surveyek, opefell Tofnship, Nef Mersey, as kisWussek a2ove, allofs roosters that are Wertiflek kiseaseAfree to visit a hen []oW8 for 1$ kays out of every year69-.T -’-69 CsYvYso0t, Ohay, CytagaYt Onta0o0cYi §F-.69$U(2)(1)(W) (U$11)69 -’T69 Bomy0 PydeY, co69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1-AUU-(2) (U$11)69 -’’69 bnYfy0m, Cos69, wd069 CytY §FATf$F (U$11)69 -’.69 J0ohYaf, Cos69, wd069 CytY §1f69Ff69$F$69$T$ (U$11); Jnsa0emy0, TYx69, Onta0o0cYi dyvYn0a0e J0afosi §T69$U(f) (U$1$); fossoi, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §.A.69F (U$11)69 -’f69 E.h., J0chynoeY, Jsoiuo, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1.691$69$1T (U$11); BoA uYnigaYst, Cos69, wd069 CytY §’69$-69UF$ (U$11); Cysdfbdi, Ohay, Camr CytY §UFU.691-(J) (U$11) (“No person shall 8eep or har2or any animal fhiWh hofls, 2ar8s, or emits auki2le sounks that are unreasona2ly louk or kistur2ing ank fhiWh are of suWh WharaWter, intensity ank kuration as to kistur2 the peaWe ank Kuiet of the neigh2orhook or to 2e ketrimental to life ank health of any inkivikual69”); Cynpdi Chnaima, TYx69, CytY yg OntaA 0o0cYi §F1AU (U$11); dnYY0ibyny, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §F$AfA 1169F(B) (U$11) (“No poultry animals that ma8e sounks Wlearly auki2le oG?A site are permittek69”); cYxa0emy0AborYmmY, fr69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §-A 1U (U$11); NoihvassYAfovatiy0, TY0069, wd069 CytY §f691U69$1$ (U$11) (“It is unlafful for any person to 8eep any animal, kog, 2irk or fofl fhiWh, 2y Wausing freKuent or louk Wontinuek noise, kistur2s the Womfort or repose of any person in the viWinity69”); PosYaeh, N69C69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1UA T$$. (U$11); Sm69 cydai, wy69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §1T69T$69$-$ (U$1$)69 -’369 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF (U$11); Banfa0eA hof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.); Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$(B)(1) (U$11); bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JA UU(W)(U) (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §TF69.1 (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY §3169$$1 (U$11); PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §’69$T69$1$ (U$11); So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$f (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11)69 -.$69 JsbdqdYnqdY, N69w69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §3AUA-AF (U$11); c69J69, Cos69, wd069 CytY §TF69.1 (U$11); cydaivassY, fr69, wYmny CytY §3169$$1 (U$11)69 -.169 bynm 7ynmh, TYx69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §11JAUU(W)(U) (U$11); BanA fa0ehof, Jso69, Zy0a0e Onta0o0cY §U69-691 (U$$.)69 -.U69 Es 5oiy, TYx69, wd069 CytY §.69U-69$U$(B)(1) (U$11)69 -.F69 PavYniatY, Cos69, CytY yg Onta0o0cYi §§’69$T69$1$ f ’69$T69$U$ (U$11)69 -.-69 So0 faYey, Cos69, wd069 CytY §-U69$.$f (U$11); So0 bno0caicy, Cos69, Yosmh CytY §F. (U$11); Intervief fith San branWisWo animal Wontrol (on flle fith author)69 -.T69 mJTownhifitfConjuhalVifitfBetweendoofterf&genf, dgga0emy0 5yim, Jpr69 U., U$11, http://fff69hu&DVngtonpost69Wom/U$11/$-/Uf/njAlimitsAWhiW8enA mating_n_fT--$-69html (last visitek Muly f, U$1U)69 V. Model Ordinance A. geasons BeChnd tCe vCohces hn tCe Model Ordhnance BeWause many Wities are reWogni4ing that 8eeping WhiW8A ens in the Wity shoulk 2e allofek, 2ut foulk li8e to reguA late it properly so that the Wity Wan stop any nuisanWes 2efore they arise, a mokel orkinanWe is provikek 2elof69 hHrough surveying the orkinanWes of the most populous JmeriWan Wities, many types of regulatory sWhemes have alreaky 2een ikentiflek ank kisWussek69 7hile kiG?erent regulatory sWhemes may for8 2etter for kiG?erent 8inks of Wities, kepenking on the kensity ank variety of their resikential, WommerWial, ank inkustrial neigh2orhooks, the mokel orkinanWe provikek shoulk 2e easy to akapt to any Wity69 birst, eaWh seWtion of the mokel orkinanWe fill 2e kesWri2ek ank the reasons for Whoosing the regulation fill 2e set out69 hHen, the mokel orkinanWe fill 2e set out in full69 1. T:ickens h:ozld Be Regzlated in a qniHKed Ordinance Wit:in t:e hection Toncerning AniMals wost Wities regulate WhiW8ens fithin the animal Woke69 hHis also appears to 2e the 2est option for fhere to plaWe regulaA tions aG?eWting WhiW8ens fithin a Wityzs Wokiflek orkinanWes69 hHis is the natural plaWe for a person to loo8 to see if the Wity allofs WhiW8ens69 By plaWing the regulation fithin the animal Woke, it also allofs for all of the regulations aG?eWtA ing WhiW8ens to 2e in one plaWe69 hHis fill help a WhiW8en ofner to more easily flnk ank follof the Wityzs laf69 If a Wity still fishes to inWorporate 4oning restriWtions fithin a WhiW8en orkinanWe, the Wity Wan easily ko so fithin the uniflek orkinanWe loWatek fithin the animal seWtion 2y restriWting WhiW8ens to Wertain 4ones69 Jnk if a Wity fishes to reKuire a permit to 8eep WhiW8ens, the permit reKuirement may also easily 2e plaWek in a uniflek orkinanWe69 2. T:ickens h:ozld Be (iMited to a hMall Flock J WhiW8en orkinanWe shoulk allof for at least four WhiW8A ens69 BeWause WhiW8ens are []oW8 animals, they ko not thrive fhen left alone69 Jnk, 2eWause WhiW8ens enforWe a komiA nant soWial orker 2y harassing nef WhiW8s, it is alfays 2est to introkuWe at least tfo WhiW8s to a nef []oW869 By allofA ing a minimum of four WhiW8ens, the Wity koes not leave a WhiW8en ofner in a position of having to leave a hen in a solitary environment if another WhiW8en kies69 It also allofs the WhiW8en ofner to introkuWe at least tfo nef WhiW8s to an existing []oW8 of tfo69 hHe mokel orkinanWe sets out a maximum of six WhiW8A ens69 hHis num2er is still 2elof the average num2er of WhiW8ens allofek in most Wities, 2ut is su&DVWient to 8eep a 2alanWek 2aW8yark []oW869 Six hens fill allof plenty of eggs for the henA8eepers, fhile still allofing an ofner to 8eep Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 51 42 ELR 10918 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 hens that no longer prokuWe many eggs 2ut are still valuek 2y the ofner for their Wompanionship69 Cities may fant to Wonsiker allofing even more WhiW8A ens69 Jllofing more WhiW8ens fill allof ofners to 8eep WhiW8ens that are no longer prokuWing eggs69 ChiW8en ofnA ers fho raise hens for eggs may feel pressurek to rik themA selves of olker hens fhen they are faWek fith limitations on their []oW869-.’ hHis has raisek WonWerns in some areas that those WhiW8ens fill 2urken animal shelters69-.. Jllofing a slightly larger []oW8 may help to alleviate any 2urken69 3. (ot hiSe h:ozld ,ot Be Restricted hHe majority of Wities ko not reKuire a speWiflW lot si4e 2efore a person Wan 8eep WhiW8ens69 cot si4e restriWtions, moreover, often ko little more than prohi2it the majority of Wity resikents from 8eeping hens69 hHe WonWern that Wities are mainly akkressing through lot si4e, that of ma8ing sure that WhiW8ens are not loWatek too Wlose to neigh2ors, Wan 2etter 2e akkressek through set2aW8s69 bor this reason, the mokel orkinanWe koes not restriWt through lot si4e69 If a Wity has a fike variety of lot si4es, hofever, a Wity may fish to allof more hens for larger lot si4es69 hHe Wity, for instanWe, Wan legislate a maximum numA 2er of WhiW8ens for lot si4es of ½ aWre or 2elof, ank then inWrease the num2er of WhiW8ens for larger lot si4es69 P. het0acks BeWause there is a universal WonWern fith 8eeping WhiW8ens too Wlose to neigh2ors, a set2aW8, rather than lot si4e, proA vikes the 2est solution for this WonWern69 J set2aW8 aWtually ensures that the WhiW8ens fill 2e 8ept at an appropriate kistanWe from neigh2ors fithout unkuly restriWting people fho ofn smaller properties from ofning WhiW8ens69 hHe mokel orkinanWe proposes a set2aW8 of UT feet from the koors or finkofs of any kfelling or oWWupiek struWture other than the ofnerzs kfelling69 hHis set2aW8 is less than the mekian set2aW8 of f$ feet ank the most popular set2aW8 of T$ feet, 2ut is in line fith the set2aW8s of many Wities that have reWently amenkek their orkinanWes69 J set2aW8 of UT feet is far enough that any noise or okor from the hens shoulk not Wause nuisanWe to the neigh2ors, fhile allofing homeofners in smaller properties to 8eep hens69 hHe akkiA tion of reKuiring the set2aW8 to 2e from koors or finkofs also allofs more []exi2ility for fhere a Woop Wan 2e plaWek, fhile still ensuring that it fill not annoy neigh2ors69 Set2aW8s from a neigh2oring resikenWe ma8e sense 2eWause it Wan 2e assumek that no one fants someone 8eepA ing any pet, inWluking WhiW8ens, very Wlose to their house69 J set2aW8 from the property line, hofever, may ma8e less sense kepenking on fhere on the property WhiW8ens are 8ept69 7hile a neigh2or may 2e WonWernek that his neighA -.’69 E.h., fim Severson, sWentWeProbleffCofegofetodooft, N69q69 TafYi, OWt69 UU, U$$3, http://fff69nytimes69Wom/U$$3/1$/UF/kining/UFsfkine69 html69 -..69 Ip69 2or koes not 2uilk a Woop a2utting his property that is also right next to a freKuently usek patio or keW8, these sorts of set2aW8s may also overreaWh69 bor instanWe, these set2aW8s may reKuire a Woop to 2e loWatek far from a littleAusek or overgrofn part of a neigh2orzs property69 It may also reKuire the Woop to 2e loWatek far from an area of the neigh2orzs property fhere a garage or shek alreaky provikes a 2arA rier69 bor these reasons, set2aW8s from property lines shoulk 2e employek fith Ware69 But, it is unkerstanka2le that a neigh2or foulk not fant a Woop 2uilt kireWtly next to a freKuently usek area of the yark, nor koes a neigh2or fant to 2e responsi2le for Wleaning errant kroppings69 bor this reason, the mokel orkinanWe proposes minimal set2aW8s from property lines along the lines of the nefly passek orkinanWes in Clevelank ank BuG?alo, of flve feet from the sike yark ank 1f inWhes from the rear yark line69 binally, the mokel orkinanWe provikes that WhiW8ens may not 2e 8ept in the front yark69 BeWause most Wities are justifla2ly WonWernek that easily aWWessi2le WhiW8ens fill attraWt vankalism, theft, or pran8s, or possi2ly Wause neigh2orhook kogs to 2ehave in a prekatory manner, insteak of setting ela2orate set2aW8s from the street, it is more e&DVWient ank more Wlear to simply 2an WhiW8ens from the front yark69 /. hanitation ReIzireMents hHe mokel orkinanWe reKuires that the Woop ank outkoor enWlosure 2e 8ept in a sanitary Wonkition ank free from oG?ensive okors69 It also reKuires that the Woop ank outA koor enWlosure 2e Wleanek on a regular 2asis to prevent the aWWumulation of animal faste69 hHe mokel orkinanWe koes not go into further ketail 2eWause more stringent Wleaning reKuirements fill 2e ki&DVWult to poliWe ank impossi2le to enforWe69 J Wity inspeWtor fill 2e a2le to tell if a Woop is Wlean ank okorAfree fhen inspeWting the Woop69 Lnless the Wity inspeWtor monitors a Woop Wlosely fith kaily visits, the inspeWtor fill 2e una2le to tell if an ofner Wleanek it kaily, or every other kay, or fee8ly69 It is unli8ely that any Wity inspeWtor foulk fant to kevote that muWh time to surveilA lanWe of WhiW8en Woops69 Jlso, 2eWause there are several kiG?erent methoks for Wleaning a Woop, ank there Wontinue to 2e nef innovations in WhiW8enA8eeping ank maintenanWe (fitness the evoluA tion of Wat litter over the past fef keWakes), legislating one partiWular methok of Wleaning might foreWlose more e&DVA Wient, more sanitary, ank more attraWtive Wleaning options69 hHe Wityzs WonWern is fith sanitation ank okor69 hHus, the Wity shoulk akkress its regulations to these WonWerns, rather than to more speWiflW Wleaning methoks69 ConWerns fith []ies fill also 2e ta8en Ware of through reKuiring Wlean ank okorAfree Woops ank enWlosures69 Js []ies are attraWtek to faste, any pro2lem fith []ies shoulk 2e eliminatek through reKuiring a sanitary Woop69 Pats are attraWtek to easily proWurek fook69 If the Wity is partiWuA larly WonWernek fith rats, it may akk that WhiW8en feek 2e 8ept in a ratAproof Wontainer69 But this regulation appears Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 52 9-2012 NEWS & ANALYSIS 42 ELR 10919 unneWessary in light of the faWt that many people 8eep kog ank Wat fook in 2ul8, as fell as fook for their ofn Wonsumption, fithout regulations that the fook 2e 8ept in a ratAproof Wontainer69 hHere is no logiWal 2asis for the 2elief that rats fill 2e more attraWtek to WhiW8en feek than other fook69 If a Wity is WonWernek that feek sWatterek on the grounk fill attraWt rats, insteak of legislating a ratAproof Wontainer for 8eeping the feek, a Wity may 2e 2etter oG? follofing BuG?alozs leak 2y prohi2iting feek from 2eing sWatterek on the grounk ank reKuiring WhiW8ens to 2e fek from a trough69 b. Cncloszres hHe mokel orkinanWe provikes speWiflW reKuirements for Woops ank outkoor runs69 It also reKuires that hens shoulk remain in the Woop or outkoor run at all times, exWept fhen an akult is kireWtly supervising the hen69 birst, the mokel orkinanWe reKuires a Woverek, prekatorA proof Woop or Wage that is fellAventilatek ank kesignek to 2e easily aWWessek for Wleaning69 It also reKuires that the Woop provike at least tfo sKuare feet per hen69 binally, it reKuires that the 2irks have aWWess to an outkoor run that is akeKuately fenWek to Wontain the 2irks on the property ank prevent prekators from aWWess to the 2irks69 hHis orkinanWe is kesignek to akkress the Wityzs WonWerns fith okor, fith the WhiW8enzs fellA2eing, ank fith not attraWting prekators loo8ing for an easy meal69 hHe orkinanWe allofs for only tfo sKuare feet per hen to give eaWh hen akeKuate spaWe, 2ut also to allof for a smaller Woop si4e that Wan help to 8eep 2irks farm in the finter69 hHe orkinanWe avoiks givA ing too many instruWtions on 2uilking a Woop that Woulk preWluke future innovations in Woop kesign69-.f If the Wity, hofever, fants to prohi2it Woops over a speWiflW kimension, or fill faive a 2uilking permit for Woops unker a speWiflW kimension that are not permanent struWtures, the Wity Wan easily insert suWh a provision here69 hHe mokel orkinanWe also provikes that WhiW8ens shoulk not 2e allofek out of their Woops, exWept fhen supervisek 2y an akult69 hHis akkresses a Wityzs WonWern fith WhiW8ens running free on the streets fhile also reWogni4ing that ofnA ers fill neek to remove hens from the Woop ank run oWWaA sionally to Wlean the areas, to inspeWt a 2irk more Wlosely, or to allof a WhiW8en to 2rie[]y roam the yark or garken to forage for fresh greens69 -.f69 wany Wompanies sell WommerWially make Woops, runs, ank WhiW8en traWtors (porta2le enWlosek struWtures that allof the ofner to move the WhiW8ens arounk the yark) fith novel kesigns69 See,e.h., SaHgellototWeBranpmew Ehluio, OfsYm, http://fff69omlet69us/prokuWts_serviWes/prokuWts_serviWes69 phpRWat=Eglu+do (last vistek Muly UT, U$1U) (oG?ering a plastiW porta2le WhiW8A en Woop ank run kesignek for tfo WhiW8ens); CWickenCooNf, ShYti L0saf amYt, http://fff69sheksunlimitek69net/porta2leAWhiW8enArunsAankAWoopsAforA sale69htmlRgWlik=CfX4vkUrucECbeEfQJokWCIJ8f (last visitek Muly UT, U$1U) (oG?ering JmishA2uilt WhiW8en Woops ank runs); ChacuY0Sosyy069 cyf, http://WhiW8ensaloon69Wom/RgWlik=COcs.KysucECbqS’fgokdBJJsf (last visitek Muly UT, U$1U); ThY dnYY0 ChacuY0 Cyyp, http://fff69greA enWhiW8enWoop69Wom/ (last visitek Muly UT, U$1U)69 7. hlazg:tering hHe mokel orkinanWe prohi2its slaughtering WhiW8ens outA koors69 BeWause many people are WonWernek that neigh2ors or neigh2orsz Whilkren fill aWWikentally fitness a 2irk 2eing 8illek ank are also WonWernek fith the laW8 of hygiene in 2aW8yark 2utWhering, this regulation is inWlukek in the orkinanWe69 Jlso, 2eWause most 2aW8yark hen enthusiasts are raising hens for eggs ank Wompanionship, ank not for meat, most fill not o2jeWt to this regulation69 8. Roosters hHe mokel orkinanWe prohi2its roosters69 It koes so 2eWause roosters are noisy ank are muWh more li8ely to 2other neigh2ors than hens69 BeWause, as kisWussek a2ove, most 2aW8yark hen enthusiasts are interestek in eggs, ank roostA ers are not neWessary to egg prokuWtion, prohi2iting roostA ers fill not li8ely meet fith muWh o2jeWtion69 BeWause 2ringing in a rooster on oWWasion Wan help to Wheaply ank easily propagate a []oW8, Wities may explore rooster “Wonjugal visits,” li8e opefell tofnship has kone69 7hile the tofnshipzs regulation attraWtek press 2eWause of its eWWentriWity, it fas a thoughtful solution to the praWtiWal eG?eWts of 2anning roosters69 wost hen ofners, hofever, are filling to akk to their []oW8s through other means fhere they Wan 2e 2etter assurek of proWuring only female fofl69 9. uerMits hHe mokel orkinanWe, follofing the orkinanWes of many other Wities, koes not reKuire a permit, as long as the orkiA nanWe is follofek69 BeWause WhiW8ens are novel to many WomA munities, Wity o&DVWials naturally fant to Wlosely monitor hof fell ofners are maintaining their []oW8s69 But, regulatA ing through a permitting or liWensing proWess, kekiWating a Wity o&DVWial to overseeing it, ank maintaining the reWorks that suWh a proWess fill reKuire appears to 2e an ine&DVWient use of Wity resourWes69 It is also expensive for ofners to pay permitting fees on an annual 2asis ank is a 2arrier to entry to 8eeping WhiW8ens to those fith lof or mokest inWomes69 hHe fees that some Wities Wharge, over iT$ annually, eG?eWA tively prohi2it poorer people from ofning WhiW8ens69 hHe permitting proWess, moreover, koes not neWessarily give the Wity more Wontrol69 If the Wity prohi2its hens unless its orkinanWe is follofek, it Wan enforWe its lafs in the same fay that it enforWes its lafs against errant kog, Wat, or 2irk ofners69 PeKuiring a permit, thus, appears to provike an unneWessary, ine&DVWient, ank expensive layer to the proWess of legali4ing hens69 hHe mokel orkinanWe koes reKuire a permit, hofever, if the WhiW8en ofner puts forth a proposal for fhy she shoulk not have to Womply fith the Wityzs regulations—for instanWe if the ofner fishes to 8eep more than the maxiA mum amount of hens, fishes to 8eep hens in a multiAfamA ily kfelling, fishes to 8eep hens on a parWel of lank that is unWonneWtek to a kfelling, or fishes to 8eep a rooster69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 53 42 ELR 10920 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER 9-2012 hHis permit is set up to allof people to 8eep WhiW8ens fithin set2aW8s, or to allof for more intensive WhiW8enA 8eeping for ur2an agriWultural uses, perhaps on an ur2an farm or mar8et garken69 Js ur2an agriWulture gains support ank 2eWomes more prevalent in the Wity, this fill allof for people fho fish to 8eep more WhiW8ens, or 8eep a rooster, as part of a mar8et garken a set path for koing so fithA out see8ing to amenk the orkinanWe69 hHe permit proWess is kesignek to allof for more []exi2ility fithin the orkinanWe, fhile still laying kofn flrm stankarks that all WhiW8en ofners must follof69 B. Model Ordhnance Belof is a mokel orkinanWe kesignek for a Wity to either akopt or use as a starting point fhen keWiking fhether to allof hens in the Wity ank hof to regulate them: (a) Purpose69 hHe follofing regulations fill govern the 8eeping of WhiW8ens ank are kesignek to prevent nuiA sanWes ank prevent Wonkitions that are unsanitary or unsafe69 No person shall 8eep WhiW8ens unless the folA lofing regulations are follofek: a. Number69 No more than six (’) hens shall 2e allofek for eaWh singleAfamily kfelling69 b. Setbacks69 Coops or Wages housing WhiW8ens shall 2e 8ept at least tfentyAflve (UT) feet from the koor or finkof of any kfelling or oWWupiek struWture other than the ofnerzs kfelling69 Coops ank Wages shall not 2e loWatek fithin flve (T) feet of a sikeA yark lot line, nor fithin eighteen (1f) inWhes of a rearAyark lot line69 Coops ank Wages shall not 2e loWatek in the front yark69 c. Enclosure69 ens shall 2e provikek fith a WovA erek, prekatorAproof Woop or Wage that is fellA ventilatek ank kesignek to 2e easily aWWessek for Wleaning69 hHe Woop shall allof at least tfo sKuare feet per hen69 ens shall have aWWess to an outkoor enWlosure that is akeKuately fenWek to Wontain the 2irks on the property ank to prevent prekaA tors from aWWess to the 2irks69 ens shall not 2e allofek out of these enWlosures unless a responA si2le inkivikual, over 1f years of age, is kireWtly monitoring the hens ank a2le to immekiately return the hens to the Wage or Woop if neWessary69 d. Sanitation69 hHe Woop ank outkoor enWlosure must 2e 8ept in a sanitary Wonkition ank free from oG?ensive okors69 hHe Woop ank outkoor enWlosure must 2e Wleanek on a regular 2asis to prevent the aWWumulation of faste69 e. Slaughtering69 hHere shall 2e no outkoor slaughA tering of WhiW8ens69 f. Roosters69 It is unlafful for any person to 8eep roosters69 (b) Permit69 J permit shall not 2e reKuirek if the a2ove regulations are follofek69 If a person fishes to 8eep more than the maximum allofek num2er of hens, fishes to 8eep hens fithin the set2aW8 reKuirek, fishes to 8eep hens in a multiAfamily kfelling, fishes to 8eep hens on a parWel of lank that is unWonA neWtek to a kfelling, or fishes to 8eep a rooster, a permit fill 2e reKuirek69 Jn appliWation for a permit must Wontain the follofing items: a. hHe name, phone num2er, ank akkress of the appliWant69 b. hHe si4e ank loWation of the su2jeWt property69 c. J proposal Wontaining the follofing information69 i. hHe num2er of hens the appliWant see8s to 8eep on the property69 ii. J kesWription of any Woops or Wages or outA koor enWlosures proviking preWise kimenA sions ank the preWise loWation of these enWlosures in relation to property lines ank akjaWent properties69 iii. hHe num2er of roosters the appliWant see8s to 8eep on the property69 d. If the appliWant proposes to 8eep WhiW8ens in the yark of a multiAfamily kfelling, the appliWant must present a signek statement from any ank all ofners or tenants of the multiAfamily kfelling Wonsenting to the appliWantzs proposal for 8eeping WhiW8ens on the premises69 e. If the appliWant proposes to 8eep more WhiW8ens than allofek in the a2ove orkinanWe or fishes to 8eep a rooster, the appliWant must present a signek statement from all resikents of property akjaWent to or fithin T$ feet of the appliWantzs property Wonsenting to the appliWantzs proposal for 8eeping WhiW8ens on the premises69 If the appliWant proposes to 8eep WhiW8ens fithin a reKuirek set2aW8, the appliWant must present a signek statement from all resikents of the propA erty aG?eWtek 2y that set2aW869 (c) Permit Renewal69 5ermits fill 2e grantek on an annual 2asis69 If the Wity reWeives no Womplaints regarking the permit holkerzs 8eeping of WhiW8ens, the permit fill 2e presumptively renefek ank the appliWant may Wontinue to 8eep WhiW8ens unker the terms ank Wonkition of the initial permit69 hHe Wity may revo8e the permit at any time if the perA mittee koes not follof the terms of the permit, if the Wity reWeives Womplaints regarking the permit holkerzs 8eeping of WhiW8ens, or the Wity flnks that the permit holker has not maintainek the WhiW8ens, Woops, or outkoor enWlosures in a Wlean ank saniA tary Wonkition69 Copyright © 2012 Environmental Law Institute®, Washington, DC. Reprinted with permission from ELR®, http://www.eli.org, 1-800-433-5120. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2119494 54 Special City Council January 12, 2021 Agenda Number:2.2 To:Dave Callister, City Manager Prepared by:Kip Berglund, Senior Planner Reviewed by:Steve Juetten, Community Development Director Item:Regulation of Bees (2019060) 1. Action Requested: Review and provide direction to staff as to the specific standards/requirements that should be incorporated into an ordinance to allow bees in the City. 2. Background: See attached background report with attachments. 3. Budget Impact: N/A 4. Attachments: Background Report Homeowners Associations Location Map Honeybee Operations in Selected Cities Table University of Minnesota City Beekeeping Ordinances Research Paper on Bees 55 BACKGROUND On September 8, 2020, Council conducted a study session on the regulations of bees and chickens. In response to an increased interest in suburban raising of bees, as with chickens, the City is reviewing the possibility of allowing residents to enjoy this hobby and educational experience on their property. Bees are currently regulated by the zoning ordinance as farm animals and only allowed in the Future Restricted Development (FRD) zoning district. Many nearby communities have adopted ordinances to allow bees to be raised on residential properties, including the cities of Maple Grove, Minnetonka, Fridley and St. Louis Park. Staff has researched how the following communities regulate bees: Blaine Bloomington Chanhassen Coon Rapids Crystal Maple Grove Minneapolis Minnetonka New Hope St. Louis Park St. Paul The University of Minnesota (U of M) was a resource staff used to understand the complexity of keeping of bees. Below are references on research and information on the keeping of bees including links to research, education and city ordinances. Suburbs in the Twin Cities metro either limit bees to agricultural areas or have a permitting process with standards to reduce impacts to neighboring properties. The keeping of bees in other communities varies throughout the region. The categories are: Prohibited (Apple Valley, Burnsville, Golden Valley, Hopkins) Allowed as long as they do not cause a nuisance (Champlin, Maple Plain, Minnetonka, St. Louis Park) Allowed in agricultural areas (Plymouth, Blaine, Shakopee, Woodbury) Allowed with restrictions (Bloomington, Farmington, Maple Grove, Prior Lake) Allowed with restrictions and permit or registration (Brooklyn Center, Brooklyn Park, Chanhassen, Eagan,Edina, Fridley, Minneapolis) There are several concerns about beekeeping in typical suburban style residential areas and impacts to neighboring properties. The primary concerns regarding urban beekeeping are: Swarming of bees where a large number of bees will leave the hive and may travel a significant distance. Bees in swarms are more likely to be aggressive and humans may be more likely to panic and act in a way the bees may perceive as a threat; Individual bees may leave the owners property in search of water or nectar, which may be mitigated by adequate provision of water and flowering plants on the property; Bee stings present a safety and quality of life issue for neighboring residents, especially those with bee allergies; 56 Bees generate noise that may be considered an annoyance for neighboring property owners; and Honeybees are not a native species and may harm native bees by competing for habitat and resources and through the spread of disease. There are a number of neighborhood covenants/homeowner association (HOA) restrictions that are in place in residential neighborhoods. Questions have been raised about neighborhood covenants and whether or not the keeping of bees is permitted in all neighborhoods. It is important to note that the City is typically not a party to such covenants, and that they are enforced privately by developers and homeowner’s associations. Many HOAs may prohibit the keeping of bees or have more stringent standards. A map is attached showing single family subdivisions where HOAs were established when approved. The proposed amendments to the zoning code could include: (a) Section 21005 – Rules and Definitions: a.Bees related: b.Apiary: the assembly of one or more colonies of bees at a single location. c.Beehive: a receptacle inhabited by a colony that is manufactured for the purpose of housing bees, which is designed so that the beekeeper can collect the honey that they produce. d.Beekeeper: A person who owns or has charge of one or more colonies of bees. e.Colony: An aggregate of bees consisting principally of workers, but typically having one queen and at times drones, brood, combs and honey. f.Flyover Barrier:barrier that directs bees’ flight upward to prevent bees from flying at a height where they could intersect with a person or animal in a neighboring property. The barrier could be a solid wall, fence, dense vegetation, or any combination thereof that provides an obstruction through which honey bees cannot readily fly. Property line fences or barriers do not constitute flyover barriers. g.Water Supply:Natural pond or stream or artificial container holding sufficient water with landing sites for honey bees to forage without drowning. h.Farm Animals: (a)Domestic Animals.For purposes of this Chapter, a domestic animal shall be defined as house pets such as dogs, cats, and birds (except those defined as farm animals or wild animals) that can be contained within a principal structure throughout the entire year, provided that containment can be accomplished without special modification to the structure requiring a building permit from the City. In addition, it includes rabbits, chickens, and bees normally sheltered outside the home. (b)Farm Animals.Cattle, hogs, potbelly pigs, bees, sheep, goats, chickens, turkeys, horses (including miniatures) and other animals commonly accepted as farm animals in the State of Minnesota. (b) Section 21170 – Animals: a.Section 21170.01 – Keeping Animals: Subd. 9. Except as may be allowable by interim use permit in the FRD district, commercial dog kennels are prohibited in the City. 57 b.Section 21170.02 – Keeping of Chickens: c.Section 21170.03 – Keeping of Bees: Limit To Number Of Hives Permitted. Except for properties located with the FRD (future restricted development) zoning district, a person may keep beehives in a single-family zoning district (RSF-1, RSF-2, RSF-3, RSF-4 and single-family PUD’s) on a property provided that: (a) All bee keeping operations must be registered with the City of Plymouth. (b) No person other than those who reside on the premises shall conduct bee keeping operations. (c) Registration process consists of an application, the submittal of a site plan and building plan with location and specifics of the hives and the setbacks from all property lines and structures, including those on adjacent properties. (d) An apiary is limited to the following number of beehives based on the size of the lot: 1) ½ acre or smaller = 2 beehives; 2) More than ½ to ¾ acre = 4 beehives; 3) More than ¾ to 1 acre = 6 beehives; 4) More than 1 acre = 8 beehives (e) Colonies must be located in the side or rear yard only and must have a setback of at least 25 feet from the side or rear property lines. (f) Colonies must be located at least 50 feet from homes that are located on adjacent properties. (g) A consistent water source must be provided within 10 feet of each colony. (h) Colonies located within 200 feet of a neighboring dwelling or public property shall maintain a six foot vertical flyover barrier on the dwelling or public property side. (i) The applicant must provide evidence of completion of a beekeeping course from the University of Minnesota or other comparable institution. (j) The city, upon receiving the application for a bee keeping permit, will notify all property owners within 200 feet of the subject property. The city will give the adjacent residents two weeks (14 calendar days) to respond to the notice with any objection, and will be specifically asked if bee allergies are present in any household. If bee allergies are documented in an adjacent household (within 200 feet), the bee keeping permit will be denied. (k) The license for the keeping of bees must be renewed each three years with a renewal fee charged. The notification process will be conducted for each renewal request. (l) Any selling of honey from the home would require a separated home occupation license process pursuant to section 21145 in addition to any requirements from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture Dairy and Food Inspection Division regulations. 58 The following are discussion points and could be incorporated into the code: 1.Zoning districts allowed in and range in lot sizes. The draft ordinance would allow the keeping of bees in all single-family residential zoning districts (FRD, RSF-1, RSF-2, RSF-3, RSF-4, single family detached PUDs) as an accessory use, subject to a set of standards. The proposed ordinance does not specify a minimum lot size for keeping of bees, but rather includes several measures, such as setbacks from property lines and adjacent buildings, that are intended to protect neighboring properties and minimize the potential of creating nuisances. In communities surveyed, the smallest single-family lot that allowed bees was 2,000 square feet (St. Paul) to five acres (Brooklyn Park, MN). Many communities tied additional regulations to those allowing bees on smaller lots such as adjacent neighbor approvals and required permits. 2.Number of beehives allowed. The draft ordinance limits an of beehives based on the size of the lot: ½ acre or smaller = 2 beehives; more than ½ to ¾ acre = 4 beehives; more than ¾ to 1 acre = 6 beehives; and, more than 1 acre = 8 beehives. 3.Require a permit (once, yearly, every three years) or neighbor approval signature. The draft ordinance requires a city issued permit to keep bees. The draft states “The city, upon receiving the application for a bee keeping permit, will notify all property owners within 200 feet of the subject property. The city will give the adjacent residents two weeks (14 calendar days) to respond to the notice with any objection, and will be specifically asked if bee allergies are present in any household. If bee allergies are documented in an adjacent household (within 200 feet), the bee keeping permit will be denied.” As drafted, the license would be renewable every three years. 4.Required Setbacks. The draft ordinance requires 25 feet from the property line and 50 feet from adjacent principal buildings. In the communities surveyed, the setbacks for bee hives typically range from a minimum of 25 to 50 feet from the property line. However, New Hope states that bee hives must be located 500 feet from any other property. In some instances, 59 both a distance from the property line and a minimum distance from the adjacent residence is required. For example, West St. Paul requires hives to be at least 100 feet from neighboring houses. 5. Home Occupation. If the city allows the keeping of bees and the homeowner wanted to sell honey, it is suggested that they would need to go through the Home Occupation License process as outlined in the zoning ordinance. In addition, the homeowner would also need to comply with any State of Minnesota regulations. 60 Co Rd No 6 Interstate Hwy No 494Co Rd No 101Interstate Hwy No. 494Co Rd No 24Co Rd No 101InterstateHwyNo494C o R d No6 Co Rd N o 4 7 Bass Lake Rd Bass L a k e R d StateHwyNo 55 S t a t e H w y N o 5 5 Stat e H w y N o 5 5 State Hwy No 169State Hwy No 169St a t e H i g h w a y N o 5 5 State Hwy No 169State Hwy No 169Rockford R d Rockford Rd State Hwy No 169CoRd47 Co Rd No 47 BassLakeRd Co Rd No 101Co Rd No 24 Co Rd N o 6 Co Rd No 6 Co Rd No 101Sta t e H w y N o 5 5 Co Rd N o 1 5Vicksburg LnK Homeowners Association Map Legend City Limits Open Space HOA Unsure Yes No 61 HONEYBEE OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES CITY ALLOWED PERMIT REQ.ZONING DISTRICTS ALLOWED NOTICE REQUIRED TRAINING REQUIRED Blaine No Chanhassen Yes Yes (1) Lots one-third acre or larger but smaller than one acre: Two colonies. (2)Lots one acre or larger but smaller than 2 ½ acres: four colonies (3) Lots 2 ½ acres or larger but smaller than ten acres: Eight colonies (4) Lots larger than ten acres: No limit No Restrictions Yes Adjoining Neighbors Yes Through University of Minnesota of similar reputable organization Coon Rapids No Crystal No Maple Grove Yes No Code Allowed in R-A (Residential-Ag) Prohibited in R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4 and R-5 No Code No Code Minneapolis Yes Yes Permit issued by Minneapolis Animal Care and Control (MACC) a. One-half (1/2) acre or smaller lot: Two (2) colonies; No Restrictions Yes Adjoining Neighbors Yes Through University of Minnesota Century college or Three Rivers 62 HONEYBEE OPERATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES b. Larger than one-half (1/2) acre but smaller than three-quarter (3/4) acre lot: Four (4) colonies; c. Larger than three- quarter (3/4) acre lot but smaller than one (1) acre lot: Six (6) colonies; d. One (1) acre but smaller than five (5) acres: Eight (8) colonies; and e. Larger than five (5) acres: As determined as appropriate by MACC. Minnetonka No New Hope Yes Yes Hives may not be located within 500 feet of any property. No Restrictions Yes Properties within 350 feet by mail No St. Louis Pk. No St. Paul Yes Yes No more than 2 colonies for every 2000 sq. ft. of property area. No more than 4 colonies on any property. Not in front yard. No closer than 25 feet to an occupied building or another lot. Fencing required except yard not bordering a public ROW may request an exemption. No Restrictions Sign Posted Yes Through MN Hobby Beekeepers Association 63 City County Ordinanc e Citation Ordinance Language Contact Information Date Andover Anoka Title 5, Chapter 1, Section (d) Must be zoned R1, R2, or R3 and have at least two acres. (763) 755- 5100 8-1-13 Anoka Anoka Section 10-2 Bees are not mentioned in the city code, but the city planner said she would consider honey bees to be "non-domesticated" animal. The code prohibits non-domesticated or farm animals within City limits. (763) 576- 2700 8-1-13 Apple Valley Dakota Currently, no ordinance on bees. However, code prohibits non- domestic animals, and City interprets bees as non-domestic. City is revising the ordinance to expressly prohibit bees. (952) 953- 2500 8-1-13 Arden Hills Ramsey Chapter 13, 25.07 Bees are considered farm animals and are allowed within city limits as long as the lot meets the set back requirements (which depend upon how the hive is constructed). (651) 792- 7800 8-1-13 Bayport Washington Section 14 Honey bees are not allowed within City limits. (651) 275- 4404 8-1-13 64 Blaine Anoka Section 14-225 Areas zoned residential may not have honey bees. Areas zoned agricultural may have honey bees. (763) 785- 6122 8-1-13 Bloomingto n Hennepin City Code 12.116.01 Bees allowed with restrictions. 6-11-19 Blue Earth Faribault Sub- Section 360.16 Bees allowed with restrictions and permit 12-30-20 Brooklyn Center Hennepin Section 1- 140 Bees are allowed with restrictions and registration (763) 569- 3300 6-11-19 Brooklyn Park Hennepin Section 92.50 Honey bees are permitted in lots over 5 acres. Other require registration. (763) 424- 8000 11-24-15 Burnsville Dakota Section 6- 2-20 Honey bees are prohibited in all parts of Burnsville. (952) 895- 4400 2-8-17 Carver Carver Section 1005.02 Codicil 1 allows animals not listed under Section 1005.02 in city limits as long as they are not a nuisance. Therefore, honey bees are allowed as long as they are not a nuisance. (952) 448- 5353 8-1-13 Centerville Anoka Chapter 90.02(B) "Licensing Honey Bees. Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, a person may keep honey bee colonies on any premises after first obtaining a license as provided in this subsection. No license shall be issued except in compliance of this section. (1) Lot size shall be a minimum of one-half acre; (2) No more than two honey bee colonies shall be allowed; (3) Hives shall be setback from property lines a minimum of 25 feet; (4) Applicant must document at least 16 hours of training in beekeeping, and (5) the colony shall be maintained in good order and not be a nuisance to any member of the public." (651) 429- 3232 8-1-13 Champlin Hennepin Honey bees are not mentioned within Champlin's ordinances. The City would allow honey bees as long as they were not a nuisance and the neighbors were on board. (763) 421- 8100 8-1-13 Chanhasse n Hennepin and Carver Chapter 5, article IV Bees allowed by permit. (952) 227- 1100 11-8-18 65 Chaska Carver Chapter 5, Section 82 The Chaska Police Department is in charge of code enforcement. Police officer told me they would allow a honey bee hive as long as it didn't bother the neighbors. (952) 448- 9200 8-1-13 Circle Pines Anoka Section 320.02(B) "Licensing Honey Bees. Notwithstanding other provisions of this chapter, a person may keep honey bee colonies on any premises after first obtaining a license as provided in this subsection. No license shall be issued except in compliance of this section. (1) Lot size shall be a minimum of one-half acre; (2) No more than two honey bee colonies shall be allowed; (3) Hives shall be setback from property lines a minimum of 25 feet; (4) Applicant must document at least 16 hours of training in beekeeping, and (5) the colony shall be maintained in good order and not be a nuisance to any member of the public." (763) 784- 5898 8-1-13 Coon Rapids Anoka 6-502(2), (5) "Non-domestic animals are defined as … bees. It shall be unlawful to keep, maintain, harbor, or feed any non-domestic animal within the City except where permitted elsewhere in this Chapter." 8-1-13 Corcoran Hennepin Section 1020.020: bees are agricultural use. Allowed in areas zoned for agricultural use. Other areas with restrictions. (763) 420- 2288 3-6-19 Cottage Grove Washington Section 11-3-7 Bees are considered a farm animal and are allowed on properties of 5 or more acres. Section defining "farm animal" is 11-1-3. (651) 458- 2800 8-1-13 Crystal Hennepin City ordinances do not cover bees. Therefore, bees are allowed. (763) 531- 1000 8-1-13 Dayton Wright and Hennepin Section 1001.42 subd.8(1)( e) Honey bees are prohibited in areas zoned residential - Old Village, residential - mobile home, industrial and business, unless you have a conditional use permit. (763) 427- 4589 8-1-13 Duluth St. Louis 1959-6-80 Ok in areas zoned rural;. Others require license. 11-23-15 Eagan Dakota Section 10.12 Honey bees may be kept on properties in areas that are zoned agricultural and have a minimum of five acres. Or by permit. 3-6-15 Edina Hennepin Section 300.11 Bees are allowed with permit. 10-1-15 66 Elko New Market Scott Section 6- 4-5 Section 6-4-2 Honeybees are considered a farm animal. Section 6-4-5 states, "Farm animals shall be kept only in areas approved under the city zoning ordinance." 8-1-13 Excelsior Hennepin Section 6- 4 Ordinance defines "undomesticated animal" as "any animal, mammal, amphibian, or reptile, which is of a species which is wild by nature or of a species which due to size, vicious nature, or other characteristics is inherently dangerous to human beings." "Any person may own, keep, harbor, or maintain any nondomesticated animal, provided that it weighs less than 50 pounds." 8-1-13 Falcon Heights Ramsey Section 113-3 Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. The Falcon Heights City Council looked into a honey bee ordinance last year but ultimately did not pass it. (651) 792- 7600 8-1-13 Faribault Rice 2017-4 Bees allowed by permit 5-30-18 Farmington Dakota 6-4-2 Allowed with restrictions http://sterlingcodifiers.com/codebook/index.php?bo ok_id=463&chapter_id=2... 7-23-18 Forest Lake Anoka Chapter 99 Bees are defined as a farm animal. City code allows farm animals in areas zoned for agricultural use and if the property is five acres or more. (651) 464- 3550 8-1-13 Fridley Anoka Section 101.05 Allowed by license. application at FridleyMN.gov. Class on beekeeping required. (763) 571- 3450 5-11-18 Golden Valley Hennepin Section 10.32 Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. 8-1-13 Grand Meadow Mower Section 91.2 Bees allowed with some restrictions 2-11-20 Hastings Dakota and Washington Chapter 91.01 Bees are not mentioned in the city code, so they are permitted. City planner warned that if the bees stung people or upset the neighbors, they could be removed through the public nuisance ordinance (Section 95.20). (651) 480- 2350 8-1-13 Hibbing St. Louis Section 10.23 Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. 2-8-17 67 Hopkins Hennepin Hopkins Code of Ordinances does not address honey bees, so they interpret that to mean they are not permitted. 952-548-6303 2-8-17 Hugo Washington Although not expressly listed in the ordinance, honey bees are considered "farm animals," so they are allowed in areas zoned agricultural and on lots of five or more acres. (651) 762- 6300 8-1-13 Independe nce Hennepin 510.05 subd. 46 Defines bees as "livestock." Bees are allowed in areas which are zoned agricultural. (763) 479- 0527 8-1-13 Inver Grove Heights Dakota Section 10-2-2 Bees are allowed in areas zoned agricultural or estate. (651) 450- 2500 8-1-13 Jordan Scott No ordinance, so bees are not allowed. Perhaps could apply for a conditional use permit stating beekeeping as a home occupation. (952) 492- 2535 8-1-13 Lake Elmo Washington Title 9, Chapter 95.71 Honey bees are allowed on property five acres or more. Permit required for under 5 acres. (651) 747- 3900 10-1-15 Lake St. Croix Beach Washington No online ordinance s No one from the City returned my messages. (651) 436- 7031 8-1-13 Lakeville Dakota Chpt 35/11-35- 3 Allowed with an interim Use Permit. Application fee is $500 (ouch!) and must be presented to and approved by the Planning Commission. The City of Lakeville contact is Daryl Morey, Planning Director, 952-985-4422. 6-11-19 Lauderdale Ramsey Section 5- 3-1 Bees are defined as a farm animal. City ordinance 5-3-4-1 requires a permit to have a farm animal. (651) 792- 7650 8-1-13 Lilydale Dakota Section 801.01 It's unclear if bees are allowed or not in the ordinances, and no one at the City returned my phone messages. (651) 457- 2316 8-1-13 Lino Lakes Anoka Zoning Restricted to agricultural zoned land 11-23-15 Long Lake Hennepin Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. City of Long Lake's general position is if it is not expressly allowed, it is prohibited. (952) 473- 6961 8-1-13 Lonsdale Rice S90.01 Beekeeping allowed by permit. (507) 744- 2327 1-2-18 68 Mahtomedi Washington Chapter 3.02 "No person may keep within the City any of the following: any hive or other facility for the housing of bees." (651) 426- 3344 8-1-13 Maple Plain Hennepin Honey bees are not mentioned in the Code. City of Maple Plain's general position is that they are allowed, but are subject to the nuisance ordinance. (763) 479- 0515 8-1-13 Maplewoo d Ramsey Ordinanc e 978 Allowed with setback requirements. Bees are allowed unless they become a nuisance. (651) 249- 2000 11-13-18 Marine on St. Croix Washington Chapter 5 City of Marine on St. Croix does not have an ordinance about honey bees. The City's position is that they are allowed unless they are a nuisance. (651) 433- 3636 8-1-13 Medicine Lake Hennepin Section 200.2(7)(b ) Bees are classified as farm animals. Must get a conditional use permit to have bees. (763) 542.9701 8-1-13 Mendota Heights Dakota Ordinance 448, not yet codified Brand new ordinance: Bee keeping is allowed on properties of fifty (50) acres or more. (651) 255- 1153 8-1-13 Minneapoli s Hennepin Section 74.80 Must get a permit from Minneapolis Animal Care and Control. 8-1-13 Minnetonk a Hennepin No ordinance on bees, so bees are allowed unless they are a nuisance. (952) 939- 8200 8-1-13 Village of Minnetonk a Beach Hennepin Section 508(C)(28 )(b) "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any hive or other facility for the housing of honeybees." (952) 471- 8878 8-1-13 Minnetrista Hennepin Section 1110.09 Bees are considered farm animals. "Farm animals may only be kept in A or AP zoning districts, or in a residential lot of at least ten acres in size provided that farm animals on said residential lots are not sheltered within 300 feet of an adjoinin piece of property." (952) 446- 1660 8-1-13 Moundsvie w Ramsey Title 700 Chapt 701 Bees allowed by permit. 9-25-15 New Brighton Ramsey Honey bees requrie permit (651) 638- 2100 6-1-15 69 Newport Washington Section 600.21 Honey bees are considered a farm animal. Must have a permit from the City Council. Lot size must be at least four acres. Must provide written notification to occupied property owners situated within 250 feet from the hive. Additional standards of practice listed in Section 600.21 subd. 3(F)(4). (651) 459- 5677 8-1-13 North St. Paul Ramsey Section 95.23 Honey bees are classified as a farm animal. No farm animals are allowed within city limits. 8-1-13 Oak Park Heights Washington Section 602.02(B) Honey bees are classified as a farm animal. Farm animals are only permitted in areas zoned O - Open Space Conservation District and also need a conditional use permit. (651) 439- 4439 8-1-13 Oakdale Washington Section 4- 18 "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any man-made or manufactured hive or other facility for the housing of bees within the city without a permit." (651) 739- 5086 8-1-13 Orono Hennepin Section 62-1 Honey bees are classified as a farm animal and are allowed in areas zoned for agriculture. (952) 249- 4600 8-1-13 Osseo Hennepin Chapter 93.18(z) City code states that any caring for any non-domestic animal is a public nuisance, so beekeeping currently is not allowed. However, City Attorney said the City might be open to a resident asking for a variance or trying to change the ordinance. (763) 425- 2624 8-1-13 Plymouth Hennepin Zoning Ordinance 21170.01 subd.3 Bees are only allowed in areas zoned future restricted development (rural). (763) 509- 5080 8-1-13 Prior Lake Scott Allowed with restrictions (952) 447- 9800 3-6-19 Richfield Hennepin Section 906 Bees are allowed with restrictions and permit. (612) 861- 9702 11-13-20 Robbinsdal e Hennepin Section 915.357 "It is unlawful to keep or maintain roosters or bees, without first having obtained a permit therefor." (763) 537- 4534 8-1-13 Rogers Hennepin Section 125-1 Bees are classified as a farm animal and are allowed in areas zoned agricultural. (763) 428- 2253 8-1-13 Rosemoun t Dakota No ordinance on honey bees, so they are allowed. (651) 322- 2022 8-1-13 70 Roseville Ramsey No ordinance on honey bees, so they are allowed. The City reserves the right to regulate location and fencing in the future. (651) 792- 7000 8-1-13 Sauk Rapids Benton Section 4.10, Subd.22( C) Permits beekeeping limited to six hives. (320) 258- 5300 St. Anthony Village Hennepin No ordinance on honey bees, so City of St. Anthony Village's position is that they are not allowed. (612) 782- 3301 8-1-13 St. Francis Anoka Section 8- 3-5 "Bees shall not be kept on parcels smaller than five (5) acres in size. No parcel shall have more than one hive or colony housing structure not to exceed three (3) feet in size in any dimension unless it is an agricultural use. All hives shall be of the removable frame type. All hives shall be kept one hundred (100) feed from any property line." (763) 753- 2630 8-1-13 St. Louis Park Hennepin Bees are not addressed in city ordinance, so they are allowed as long as they are not a nuisance. (952) 924- 2500 8-1-13 St. Paul Ramsey Chapter 198.02(d) "No person shall keep or allow to be kept any hive or other facility for the housing of bees within the city without a permit." (651) 266- 8989 8-1-13 St. Paul Park Washington Ordinance #694 Honey bees are allowed; must get a permit and obey set back ordinance. (651) 459- 9785 8-1-13 Savage Scott Section 91.01(2) Bees are classified as a farm animal. Under Section 91.04, farm animals are "allowed only as a legal non-conforming use where a similar use occurred before the most recent change in the Zoning Code and continues consistently thereafter." (952) 882- 2660 8-1-13 Shakopee Scott Section 11.02(5)( B) Bees are classified as an "agricultural use" and allowed in areas zoned rural residential or agricultural. Other areas with restrictions. (952) 233- 9300 8-1-13 Shoreview Ramsey Section 601.020(E ) Bees are allowed with restrictions and permit required (651) 490- 4600 12-4-17 Shorewood Hennepin Section 705.09 Bees are classified as an "urban farm animal." Section 705.09 subd 2(h) states, "The number of bee hives shall not exceed four." (952) 960- 7900 8-1-13 71 South St. Paul Dakota Section 15-1(3) Bees are listed as a farm animal. Section 15-3 states, "It shall be illegal for any person to own, possess, harbor, or offer for sale, any farm animals within city limits…" (651) 554- 3200 8-1-13 Spring Park Hennepin Bees are not allowed in city limits. (952) 471- 9051 8-1-13 Stillwater Washington Section 27-3 Bees are allowed in city limits as long as you have a permit. The ordinance sets forth a number of rules and regulations. (651) 430- 8800 8-1-13 Sunfish Lake Dakota Section 1225.01 Bees are considered farm animals. Only the farm animals expressly listed (such as bees) are allowed in the City of Sunfish Lake as long as you get a permit. (763) 231- 2555 8-1-13 Victoria Carver Chapter 30, Article VIII, Section 30- 313(13) Bees are only allowed in areas zoned agricultural and if you get a conditional use permit. (952) 443- 4210 8-1-13 Virginia St. Louis Honey bees are defined as a farm animal. Farm animals are not allowed to be harbored within the city. 2-8-17 Waconia Carver Section 710.15 subd. 1 Bees are considered farm animals, so they are allowed in areas zoned agricultural. (952) 442- 2184 8-1-13 Wayzata Hennepin No ordinance, so bees are allowed unless they are a nuisance. (952) 404- 5300 8-1-13 West St. Paul Dakota Section 905.15 subd. 3 Bees are allowed. The only requirement is that the hives are at least 100 feet from neighboring houses. Some lots are too small to comply with this requirement. (651) 552- 4100 8-1-13 White Bear Lake Ramsey and Washington Section 702.045 Bee keeping is allowed in City limits as long as you have a license. (651) 429- 8526 8-1-13 Woodbury Washington Section 24-4 Bees are considered "livestock" and they are allowed on property of five or more acres in areas zoned rural residential or existing farmstead. (651) 714- 3500 8-1-13 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 Special City Council January 12, 2021 Agenda Number:2.3 To:Dave Callister, City Manager Prepared by:Sandy Engdahl, City Clerk Reviewed by:Laurie Hokkanen, Administrative Services Director Item:Set future Study Sessions 1. Action Requested: Schedule Study Sessions and/or add topics as desired. Calendars are attached to assist with scheduling. 2. Background: Pending Study Session Topics (at least three Council members have approved the following study items on the list): None at this time Other Council requests for Study Session Topics: None at this time Staff requests for Study Session Topics: - County Road 73 Small Area Study 3. Budget Impact: N/A 4. Attachments: January February March April 93 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. BIRTHDAY CITY OFFICES CLOSED 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 January 2021 3400 Plymouth Boulevard OFFICIAL CITY CALENDAR 763-509-5080 plymouthmn.gov 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers SUN TUES MON WED THUR FRI SAT CHANGES ARE NOTED IN RED 5:00 PM SPECIAL COUNCIL MEETING Chickens and Bees Council Chambers 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers NEW YEAR’S DAY CITY OFFICES CLOSED 5:30 PM SPECIAL COUNCIL MEETING City Center 2.0 Council Chambers 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PARK & REC ADVISORY COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 31 7:00 PM HOUSING AND REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY MEETING Council Chambers 94 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 SUN TUES MON WED THUR FRI SAT February 2021 3400 Plymouth Boulevard Plymouth, MN 55447 OFFICIAL CITY CALENDAR 763-509-5080 plymouthmn.gov 5:30 PM SPECIAL COUNCIL MEETING Intersection of Comstock Lane and Schmidt Lake Road Council Chambers 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers PRESIDENTS DAY CITY OFFICES CLOSED 5:30 PM SPECIAL COUNCIL MEETING Solar Options for City Facilities Council Chambers 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PARK & REC ADVISORY COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM HOUSING AND REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY MEETING Council Chambers 95 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 March 2021 3400 Plymouth Boulevard Plymouth, MN 55447 OFFICIAL CITY CALENDAR 763-509-5080 plymouthmn.gov 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers SUN TUES MON WED THUR FRI SAT 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM HOUSING AND REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY MEETING Council Chambers 96 SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 April 2021 3400 Plymouth Boulevard Plymouth, MN 55447 OFFICIAL CITY CALENDAR 763-509-5080 plymouthmn.gov SUN TUES MON WED THUR FRI SAT 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers CHANGES ARE 7:00 PM REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM PLANNING COMMISSION MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE MEETING Council Chambers 7:00 PM HOUSING AND REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY MEETING Council Chambers 97